⭐️INTERNAL MEDICINE

Question 0

Formula for cardiac output

Answer 0

CO = HR x SV

Question 1

Formula for BP

Answer 1

BP= CO x TPR

Question 2

Formula for pulse pressure

Answer 2

Systole-diastole

Question 3

Formula for mean arterial pressure

Answer 3

1/3 systole + 2/3 diastole

Question 4

Normal pressure at the large arteries

Answer 4

<120/80

Question 5

Normal pressure at the systemic capillaries

Answer 5

17mmhg

Question 6

Normal pressure at the vena cava

Answer 6

0 mmhg

Question 7

Normal pressure at the pulmonary artery

Answer 7

25/8

Question 8

Normal pressure at the pulmonary capillaries

Answer 8

7 mmhg

Question 9

Physiologic basis of the T wave

Answer 9

Ventricular repolarization

Question 10

Two types of 2nd degree AV block

Answer 10

MOBITZ I- prolongation of PR before dropped QRS
Mobitz II - no prolongation of PR before dropped QRS

Mnemonic: roman numeral I getting bigger and II with equal heights :)

Question 11

Most efficient extractor of oxygen from the blood

Answer 11

Heart

Question 12

Most metabolic organ

Answer 12

Brain

Question 13

An increase in venous return will increase heart rate

Answer 13

Bainbridge reflex

Question 14

An increase in venous return will increase stroke volume

Answer 14

Frank-Starling mechanism

Question 15

AV block that causes fainting due to the initially suppressed state of the Purkinje fibers

Answer 15

Stokes-Adams syndrome

Question 16

Cushing reflex

Answer 16

Hypertension, irregular respirationand bradycardia due to activation of the CNS ischemic response and baroreceptor reflex in patients with increased intracranial pressure.

Question 17

Define. White coat hypertension

Answer 17

3 clinic based blood pressures >140/90
2 non-clinic blood pressure <140/90
Absence of target organ damage

Question 18

Define. orthostatic hypertension

Answer 18

Fall in SBP>20mmhg or dbp >10mmhg in response to change in posture from a supine to an upright position within 3 minutes

Question 19

Define. Resistant hypertension.

Answer 19

Blood pressure persistently >140/90 mmhg despite taking >3 antihypertensive agents, including a diuretic.

Question 20

Define. Chronotropic incompetence.

Answer 20

Failure to appropriately increase heart rate during exercise.
Unable to achieve 85% of predicted maximal heart rate at peak exercise.

Question 21

Chest discomfort associated with physical exertion or stress, Relieved within 5~10 min by rest and/or sublingual nitroglycerin

Answer 21

Stable angina pectoris

Question 22

What is unstable angina?

Answer 22

Angina pectoris with at least one of three features:
1. Occurs with minimal exertion or at rest, usually lasting >10 min

2. Severe and of new onset (within the prior 4-6 weeks)
3. Has a crescendo pattern (i.e., distinctly more severe, prolonged, or frequent than previous)

Question 23

How do you elicit abdominojugular reflux?

Answer 23

Apply pressure on the right upper quadrant for 10 seconds. Positive response: rise of > 3cm in JVP for at least 15 seconds after release of pressure.

Question 24

Holosystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation becomes louder during inspiration and diminishes during expiration

Answer 24

Carvallo’s sign

Question 25

Murmur of aortic stenosis is transmitted downward to the apex (Confused with the systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation)

Answer 25

Gallavardin effect

Question 26

High-pitched, diastolic, decrescendo blowing murmur along the left sternal border due to the dilation of the pulmonary valve ring

Occurs in mitral valve disease and severe pulmonary hypertension

Answer 26

Graham steel murmur of pulmonary regurgitation