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ANA, BCHM, PHY > ✅1.2 PHYSIOLOGY - Neuro > Flashcards

✅1.2 PHYSIOLOGY - Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

More numerous: glial cells or neurons?

A

Glial cells

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2
Q

Produces CSF

A

Ependymal Cells

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3
Q

Macrophage of the brain

A

Microglia

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4
Q

Regulates ECF ion levels, gives mechanical support forms BBB

A

Astrocyte

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5
Q

Creates myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes (myelinates many cells at a time)

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6
Q

Creates myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cell (one cell at a time)

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7
Q

Brain tumors from non-mature neurons

A

Neuroblastoma, Retinoblastoma

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8
Q

“Receiving” Portion (for NTS) of the Neuron

A

Dendrites

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9
Q

Where Action Potential in a neuron actually starts

A

Axon Hillock

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10
Q

Function of Myelin Sheath

A

Insulator

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11
Q

Space between 2 neurons

A

Synapse

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12
Q

Unmyelinated portion of the Axon

A

Nodes of Ranvler

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13
Q

Branches of the Axons

A

Neural Fibril

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14
Q

Terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles

A

Axon Terminal/Boutons/End-Feet

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15
Q

2 types of axonal transport

A

Anterograde and Retrograde

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16
Q

What do you call the death of the axon distal to the site of injury?

A

Anterograde/Orthograde/Walllerian Degeneration

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17
Q

What do you call the changes to the soma after an axon is transected?

A

Axonal reaction/Chromatolysis

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18
Q

Axonal regeneration occurs better in the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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19
Q

Acetylcholine is mainly secreted where?

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

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20
Q

Raw materials for synthesis of acetylcholine

A

Uses Acetyl Coa and Choline

Enzyme: Choline acetyltransferase

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21
Q

Raw materials produced in the degradation of acetylcholine

A

Produces Acetate and choline

Enzyme: Acetylcholinesterase

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22
Q

Dopamine is found mainly in the

A

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta and ventral tegmental area

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23
Q

REM sleep is every

A

90 mins

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24
Q

Neurotransmitter that triggers REM sleep

A

Ach

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25
Q

Dopamine is degraded by

A

MAO and COMT

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26
Q

Norepi and epi are secreted by neurons in the

A

Locus ceruleus

Mnemonic: iLOCUS NORte

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27
Q

Mnemonic phenylalanine derviatives

A

Pare true live does not exist to me

Phenylalaline
Tyrosine
L-DOPA
Dopamine
Norepi
Epi
Throxine
Melanin
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28
Q

Mnemonic tryptophan derivatives

A

Trip mo siya no?

Tryptophan
Melatonin
Serotonin
Niacin

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29
Q

Serotonin is secreted by the

A

Median raphe of the brainstem

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30
Q

Dubbed as the happy hormone

A

Serotonin

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31
Q

Serotonin is converted to ____ in the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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32
Q

secreted in areas of the brain responsible for long term memory

A

Nitric oxide

33
Q

Nitric oxide is from what amino acid?

A

Arginine

34
Q

Histamine is located mainly in the ____ in the CNS

A

Tuberomamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

35
Q

GAba comes from

A

Glutamate

36
Q

Action of GABA a and GABA b?

A

Gaba A inc chloride influx

Gaba B potassium efflux

37
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter usually found in the spinal interneurons

A

Glycine

38
Q

Typical RMP

A

-70mV

39
Q

Threshold voltage for depolarization

A

-40mv

40
Q

Give examples of sodium channel blockers of neurons

A

Tetradotoxin

Saxitoxin

41
Q

Giv examples of potassiu channel blocker of neurons

A

Tetraethyl ammonium

42
Q

2 types of refactory periods

A

Absolute and relative

43
Q

Ionic basis of absolute refractory period

A

No action potential can occur unless sodium inactivation gates open

44
Q

RRP is due to the

A

Prolonged opening of K channels

45
Q

When a cell is depolarized slowly such that the threshold potential is passed without firing an action potential

A

Accommodation

46
Q

Effect of hypokalemia in an excitable cell such as the heart

A

Hyperpolarization

47
Q

Effect of hyperkalemia in an excitable cell such as the heart

A

Cell is more depolarizable

48
Q

Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post synaptic cell

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

49
Q

Synaptic inputs that hyperpolarizes the post synaptic cell

A

IPSPs

50
Q

Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at the postsynaptic cell simultaneously

A

Spatial summation

Potentials are on the same “space”

51
Q

Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell in rapid succession

A

Temporal summation

52
Q

Repeated stimulation causes response of postsynaptic cell to be greater than expected

A

Nerve facilitation

53
Q

Increased release of NT and inc sensitivity to the NT

A

Long term potentiation

54
Q

Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell

A

Synaptic fatigue

55
Q

Vasomotor center, respiratory DRG, VRG, swallowing, coughing, vomiting centers

A

Medulla (think of medullary syndromes)

56
Q

Micturition, pneumotaxic and apneustic centers

A

Pons

57
Q

Memory is accelerated and potentiated by

A

Rehearsal

58
Q

In memory, hippocampal lesions cause ___ while thalamic lesions cause ___

A

Hippocampal - anterograde amnesia

Thalamic - retrograde amnesia

59
Q

Major parts of the limbic system

A 
Hypothalamus
Reward and punsihment centers
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Limbic cortex
60
Q

Name the part of the limbic system

Produces mainly oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nuclei

“Para sa voobs”

61
Q

Name the part of the limbic system

Produces mainly vasopressin

A

Supraoptic nuclei

62
Q

Name the part of the limbic system

Satiety center

A

Ventromedial nuclei

“Vutsog”

63
Q

Name the part of the limbic system

Hunger center

A

Lateral nuclei

“Lamon”

64
Q

Name the part of the limbic system

Sweating/heat release

A

Anterior hypothalamus

65
Q

Name the part of the limbic system

Shivering, heat conservation

A

Posterior hypothalamus

66
Q

Name the part of the limbic system

Reward center

A

Medial forebrain bundle

67
Q

Name the part of the limbic system

Punishment center

A

Central gray area around aqueduct of sylvius

68
Q

Name the part of the limbic system

Social inhibition

A

Amygdala

69
Q

Which is more powerful in creating new memories? Reward or fear and punishment?

A

Fear and punishment

70
Q

Master clock

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

71
Q

Stages of EEG changes in slow wave sleep

A

Stage N1 - Alpha waves
Stage N2 - Theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage N3 - delta waves interrupted by sleep spindles

72
Q

Waves present in REM

A

Beta waves

73
Q

Sources of energy of the brain

A

Glucose and ketone bodies

74
Q

Total csf in the brain

A

150ml

75
Q

Circumventricular organs (no blood brain barrier)

A

Some areas of the hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Area postrema

76
Q

Mnemonic for autonomic nervous sytem tracts

A

PLASMA

Parasympa
Long preganglionic
Ach used
Short postganglionic
Muscarinic receptors
Ach used
77
Q

Synpathetic nervous system with muscrinic receptors are found in the

A

Piloerector muscle

And some blood vessels

78
Q

Adrenoceptor with IP3 as secondary messenger

A

Alpha 1

79
Q

Moa of alpha 2 adrenoceptors

A

INHIBITION OF ADENYLYL CYCLASE, dec CAMP

ANA, BCHM, PHY (23 decks)

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