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ANA, BCHM, PHY > ✅1.9 PHYSIOLOGY - GI > Flashcards

✅1.9 PHYSIOLOGY - GI Flashcards

0
Q

Location of submucosal plexus

A

Between submucosa and inner circular muscle

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1
Q

Basic GI layers

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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2
Q

Other name for submucosal plexus

A

Meissner’s plexus

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3
Q

Function of submucosal plexus is mainly for

A

Secretion

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4
Q

Function of myenteric plexus

A

Motility

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5
Q

Other name for the myenteric plexus

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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6
Q

Location of the myenteric plexus

A

Between inner circular and outer longhitudinal muscle

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7
Q

3 parts of the mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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8
Q

Innervation of the muscularis mucosa (mucosa)

A

Meissner’s plexus

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9
Q

Brunner’s glands vs peyer’s patches

Function, location (gross and layer)

A

Brunner’s - duodenum, HCO3 secretion, submucosa

Peyer’s patches - ileum, IgA secretion, lamina propria

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10
Q

Which layer is not seen in the esophagus?

A

Serosa

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11
Q

Strongest layer of the esophagus

A

Submucosa

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12
Q

Bolus vs chyme vs feces

A

Bolus - esophagus and stomach
Chyme- mixed with HCl, SI
Feces - nutrients absorbed, found in the LI

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13
Q

Function of CCK

A

Bile secretion and inhibition of gastric emptying

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14
Q

3 incretins

A

Glucagon
GLP-1
GIP

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15
Q

Number one trigger of CCK secretion

A

Fatty acids

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16
Q

CCK is secreted by what cells in the _____

A

I cells

Duodenum and jejunum

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17
Q

Motilin does not have effects on the

A

Large intestine

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18
Q

Stimulus for motilin

A

Fasting

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19
Q

“Janitor” GI hormone

A

Motilin

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20
Q

Motilin is from what cells in the ______

A

M cells

Duodenum and jejunum

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21
Q

Function of motilin

A

Interdigestive/migrating myoelectric complex

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22
Q

GIP is produced from what cells in the _____

A

K cells , duodenum

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23
Q

Function of GIP

A

Increases insulin secretion

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24
Q

3 parts of the mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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25
Q

2 muscles in the muscularis layer

A

Inner circular

Outer longhitudinal

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26
Q

Other name for serosa

A

Adventitia or mesothelium

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27
Q

Muscular layers in the stomach

A

Inner oblique
Middle circular
Outer longhitudinal

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28
Q

The myenteric plexus is mainly excitatory except for which regions

A

Pyloric sphincter and ileocecal valve

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29
Q

Cell source of CCK

A

I cells duodenum

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30
Q

Cell sources of GIP and GLP-1

A

GIP- k cells

GLP-1 L cells

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31
Q

Main stimulus for CCK

A

Fatty acids

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32
Q

Main stimulus for incretins

A

Oral glucose

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33
Q

Effect of motilkn

A

Stimulates interdigestive myoelectric complexes

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34
Q

Stimulus for motilin

A

Fasting

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35
Q

Effect of CCK

A

Inc bile
GB contraction
Inhibits gastric emptying time

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36
Q

Most potent stimuli for gastrin secretion

A

Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Methionine

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37
Q

Neurocrine from vagus nerve to G crlls

A

GRP / Bombesin

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38
Q

GI hormones classified as incretins

A

GLP-1

GIP

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39
Q

Candidate GI hormones

A

Pancreatic polypeptide
Enteroglucagon
GLP-1

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40
Q

Function of enteroglucagon

A

Secreted by intestinal cells in response to hypoglycemia

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41
Q

GI paracrines

A

Somatostatin

Histamine

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42
Q

Mnemonic for function of somatostatin

A

Somato STOP IT

inhibits release of all GI hormones

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43
Q

Histamine is secreted by

A

Mast cells of GI mucosa

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44
Q

Function of ACH and norepi in sphincters

A

ACH relaxes sphincters while Norepi contracts sphincterd

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45
Q

Inhibits appetite and is found in the ventromedial nucleus

A

Satiety center

46
Q

Stimulates appetite and is found at the lateral hypothalamic area

A

Appetite/hunger center

47
Q

Sends signals to satiety and hunger centers

A

Arcuate nucleus

48
Q

Releases POMC to decrease appetite

A

Anorexigenic neurons

49
Q

Releases neuropeptide y to increase appetite

A

Orexigenic neurons

50
Q

Stimulates anorexigenic neurons and inhibits orexigenic neurons

A

Leptin, insulin, GLP-1

51
Q

Inhibits anorexigenic neurons

A

Ghrelin

52
Q

Inhibits ghrelin

A

Peptide YY

53
Q

Mnemonic for satiety and hunger centers

A

Ventromedial
VUCHOG
Satiety center

Lateral hypothalamic area
LAMON
Hunger center

54
Q

2 types of GI smooth muscle contractions. Differentiate

A

Tonic - slow - false action potentials

Phasic- spike pptentials - true potentials

55
Q

Slow waves are generated by the GI pacemaker called

A

Intertstitial cells of cajal

56
Q

Slowest slow wave frequency is found in the

A

Stomach

57
Q

Fastest slow wave frequency is found in the

A

Small intestines

58
Q

Type of GI contraction for mixing and propulsion

A

Phasic contractions

59
Q

Most common stimulus for GI peristalsis

A

Distention

60
Q

What is the myenteric reflex?

A

Muscles upstream contract, muscles downstream exhibit receptive relaxation

61
Q

What is the law of the GUT?

A

Myenteric reflex +anal direction of peristalsis

62
Q

How long does it take to transfer material from pylorus to ileocecal valve?

From ilececal valve to colon?

A

3-5 hrs

8-15 hrs

63
Q

Chewing is always voluntary. T or F.

A

It may be involuntary

64
Q

Other name for amylase

A

Ptayalin

65
Q

Phases of swallowing

A

Oral
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

66
Q

Swallowing center

A

Medulla

67
Q

Esophageal peristaltic contraction

A

2 phases - primary and secondary

Primary peristalsis propels the food to the stomach while secondary persistalsis is for clearance of remaining food.

68
Q

Receptive relaxation of the orad stomach is mediated by

A

VIP

Relax pag may VIP

69
Q

Capacity of the stomach

A

1.5 L

70
Q

____ increases distensibility of orad stomach

A

CCK

71
Q

Caudad stomach contracts ___x per minute

A

3-5x

72
Q

Back and forth movement of the SI with no net forward motion for mixing chyme with enzymes

A

Segmentation contraction

73
Q

Sac like segments due to the segmental contractions in the large intestine

A

Haustra

74
Q

Function of proximal vs distal colon

A

Proximal - absorption of water

Distal - storage of feces

75
Q

Urge to defecate is felt once rectum is ___%filled

A

25%

76
Q

Definition of valsalva maneuver

A

Expiration on a closed glottis

77
Q

Odor in stool is due to bacteria producing

A

Indole
Skatole
Mercaptan
Hydrogen sulfide

78
Q

Incomplete vomiting / closed UES

A

Retching

79
Q

Vomiting is a wave of reverse peristalsis that begins from the

A

Small intestine

80
Q

GI organ with the most volume of secretion

A

Small intestines

1800ml

81
Q

Only essential secretion of the stomach

A

Intrinsic factor

82
Q

Other name for parietal cells

A

Oxyntic cells

83
Q

Other name for chief cells

A

Peptic cells

84
Q

Secretes serotonin

Mnemonic

A

Entrochromaffine cells

Ser pls ENTER

85
Q

Secretes histamine

A

Enterochromaffin LIKE cells

86
Q

3 substances that stimulate HCL secretion and corresponding receptord

A

Histamine - H2
Ach -M3
Gastrin -CCK-B

87
Q

Inhibitors of HCL secretion

A

Low pH (

88
Q

Phases of HCL secretion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

89
Q

Most common component of bile

A

Water

90
Q

Active component of bile

A

Bile salts

91
Q

Primary bile acids

A

Cholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic acid

92
Q

Secondary bile salts

A

Deoxycholic acid

Lithocolic acid

93
Q

Bile salts from deoxycholic acid

A

Glycodeoxycholic acid

Taurodeocycholic acid

94
Q

Bile salts from lithocolic acid

A

Glycolithocolic acid

Taurolithocolic acid

95
Q

Bile salts are utilized ____x before excreted in the feces

A

17x

96
Q

How do you absorb glucose and galactose from lumen to intestine

A

SGLT-1

97
Q

How do you absorb fructose from lumen to intestine

A

GLUT 5

Mnemonic: 5 letters
FRUIT and LUMEN

98
Q

How do you absorb glucose, galactose and fructose from intestinal cell to the blood?

A

GLut 2

Two letters
BM - basement membrane

99
Q

Is pepsin essential for protein digestion?

A

No. Trypsin (“aka nuclear bomb”) is the essential one for digestion

100
Q

What is the optimum pH for pancreatic lipase activity?

A

6.0

101
Q

Bile salts inactivate pancreatic lipase. What coenzyme is secreted to prevent this from happening?

A

Prolipase—> colipase

102
Q

Only product of TGL metabolism that is not hydrophobic

A

Glycerol

103
Q

What type of fatty acids go directly to the portal vein instead of lacteals?

A

Short and medium chain FA

104
Q

Main site for water absorption

A

Jejunum

105
Q

Primary ion secreted in the intestinal lumen

A

Cl

106
Q

Needed to absorb calcium

A

Cholecalciferol

1,25 OH2

107
Q

Needed to absorb iron

A

Vitamin C

108
Q

Part of the metabolism of these vitamins involve the colonic flora

A

Vit K, B1, B2, B12

109
Q

Liver models

A

Classic liver lobule

Liver acinus model

110
Q

Zones of the liver acinus model

A

Zone 1 periportal
2 midzonal
3 centrilobular

111
Q

Special liver cells for vitamin storage

A

Ito cells

Space of disse

112
Q

Liver macrophages

A

Kuppfer cells

Liver sinusoids

ANA, BCHM, PHY (23 decks)

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