Chapter 2

Question 0

people learn things w/o reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation & imitation of other people

Answer 0

social learning theory

Question 1

when people copy what they see others do

Answer 1

modeling

Question 2

behavior is followed by something desired, such as food for a hungry animal or a welcoming smile from a lonely person

Answer 2

reinforcement

Question 3

particular action is followed by something desired or by something unwanted

Answer 3

operant conditioning

Question 4

learning process in which a meaningful stimulus is connected w/ a neutral stimulus that has no special meaning before conditioning

Answer 4

classical conditioning

Question 5

process by which responses link to particular stimuli

Answer 5

conditioning

Question 6

studies observable behavior, describes the laws & processed by which behavior is learned

Answer 6

behaviorism

Question 7

holds irrational, unconscious drives & motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior

Answer 7

psychoanalytic theory

Question 8

average or usual event or experience

Answer 8

norm

Question 9

systematic statement of general principals that provides a framework for understanding how & why people change as they grow older

Answer 9

developmental theory

Question 10

focuses on changes in how people think over time, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, & behaviors

Answer 10

cognitive theory

Question 11

state of mental balance which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences & ideas

Answer 11

cognitive equilibrium

Question 12

reinterpretation of new experiences to fit into the old ideas

Answer 12

assimilation

Question 13

restructuring of old ideas to include new experiences

Answer 13

accommodation

Question 14

holds that development results from the dynamic interaction of each person w/ the surrounding social & cultural forces

Answer 14

sociocultural theory

Question 15

theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good & the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background

Answer 15

humanism

Question 16

process by which living creatures adjust to their environment, genes that enhance survival & reproductive ability are selected over the generations to become more prevalent

Answer 16

selective adaptation

Question 17

approach in which developmentalists apply aspects of each of the various theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one theory

Answer 17

eclectic perspective