bio of organisms test 1 Flashcards
life
a property of matter that couples bioelements and aqueous solutions in a cycle ultimately driven by radiant energy from the Sun
Binomial nomenclature
nested classification, taxonomy and systematic
Great Chain of Being
to understand God, motivation for science in 1700s
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
bionomial nomenclature and great chain of being
actualism and gradualism
study earths history by looking at geology
James Hutton (1726-1797)
father of geology
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
geometric vs arithmetic increase in a population, idea of carrying capacity
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)
- Hypothesis of evolution, inheritance of acquired traits
- First to challenge the church
Georges Curvier (1769-1832)
- Curvier’s principle of correlation- identify animal by the bone; advocated catastrophism
- Bone in the rock trick
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
- He knew that church was challenged, “deep time”, heritability, population dynamics
- 1831-1836- traveled to South America; big discovery of marine fossils on a mountain
- 1859- published On The Origin of Species- idea of “natural selection”- differential success in the reproduction of phenotypes resulting from interactions between the environment and organisms
Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913)
co-discovered natural selection
Reproductive barriers
result in speciation, and can occur in a number of different ways; pre and post zygotic
reproductive isolation leads to ____
diversity!
Evolutionary success
evolutionary fitness, aka leaving prodigy, having offspring
evolution occurs when…
natural selection changes the frequency of alleles in a gene pool of a specific species
Sexual selection
when one gender in a species has a larger role in deciding who can reproduce
- Ex. Horned males fight for female attention, male birds “flash” females
Artificial selection
when humans select how and when breeding occurs
- Wild mustard plant can become many leafy plants ex cabbage or broccoli
Genetic drift
original population->bottlenecking event->leaves few random survivors
- Change in allele frequency because of a RANDOM event (no trait choosing)
Origins of Life
- First cells on earth- prokaryotic and heterotrophic
- Early earth- no oxygen, it was called a reducing atmosphere w/ methane and ammonia
- Lots of energy- volcanoes, lightening, meteorites
- 2.5 billion years ago- oxygen revolution
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey- Chicago 1953:
• made closed experimental system of early earth conditions to look for presence of organic compounds
• used electrode to mimic lightening; W/O nothing was produced b/c it is energy source
Reactants: H2O, H2, CH4, NH3
Products: CH2O (formaldehyde), HCN, amino acids, hydrocarbons
Conclusion: abiotic synthesis of organic compounds could have led to life forms
Ribozyme
ribosomal enzyme
what does Zinc do in the body?
increases self replication of amino acids
phylogeny
diagram to classify evolution
the correct way to write a scientific name
Genus species (italicized), authority, year
Taxonomy
naming organisms
2 purposes of phylogenies
info retrieval and reflect evolutionary history
phylogenies can split into ___ branches
2
Taxon
group of organisms in a phylogeny
Basal taxon
goes the farthest back in time, has most in common with ancestor
Sister taxa
under the same common ancestor
Monophyletic group
derived from a single common ancestor
Homologous character
character derived from a single common ancestor
Analogous character
not derived from common ancestor but appear similar because of Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution
how adaptation occurs
Polyphyletic group
error of INCLUSION
Paraphyletic group
error of EXCLUSION
phylogenies are _____
hypothesis
Homologous character in a phylogene is ____ and ______
derived
ancestral
Outgroup
most closely related to others without being in same branch, has ancestral state
Ex. Lancelot is closely related to all vertebrates without being a vertebrate
the most recently evolved has the ___ number of character states
highest
Parsimony
simplest explanation is the correct explanation
- One example of when it didn’t work is in the lineage of a 4 chambered heart
what domains are prokaryotes
bacteria and archea
what domains are eukaryotes
eukarya
3 bacterial cell shapes
spherical, rod, and spiral
characters of prokaryotes
circular DNA 70S ribsomes (S=Svedberg) [eukarya are 80S] cell wall is peptidoglycan (proteins and carbs)
gram positive
absorbs more dye, means more peptides, thicker wall, purple
gram negative
structurally complex, pink
Mesosomes
invaginations of cell membranes
Fimbriae
sticky projections on prokaryotes, not to be confused with pili
Pili
not sticky, hollow projections that connect cells and transfer DNA during conjugation
Taxis
movement of microbial cells
gliding movement
glide over a surface
spiral movement
corkscrew
flagella
extracellular on prokaryotes; acellular on eukaryotes
binary fission
circular chromosomes, replication, no histone proteins