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From Flashcardlet > bio of organisms test 1 > Flashcards

bio of organisms test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

life

A

a property of matter that couples bioelements and aqueous solutions in a cycle ultimately driven by radiant energy from the Sun

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2
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

nested classification, taxonomy and systematic

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3
Q

Great Chain of Being

A

to understand God, motivation for science in 1700s

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4
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

A

bionomial nomenclature and great chain of being

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5
Q

actualism and gradualism

A

study earths history by looking at geology

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6
Q

James Hutton (1726-1797)

A

father of geology

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7
Q

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

A

geometric vs arithmetic increase in a population, idea of carrying capacity

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8
Q

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)

A
  • Hypothesis of evolution, inheritance of acquired traits

- First to challenge the church

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9
Q

Georges Curvier (1769-1832)

A
  • Curvier’s principle of correlation- identify animal by the bone; advocated catastrophism
  • Bone in the rock trick
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10
Q

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A
  • He knew that church was challenged, “deep time”, heritability, population dynamics
  • 1831-1836- traveled to South America; big discovery of marine fossils on a mountain
  • 1859- published On The Origin of Species- idea of “natural selection”- differential success in the reproduction of phenotypes resulting from interactions between the environment and organisms
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11
Q

Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913)

A

co-discovered natural selection

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12
Q

Reproductive barriers

A

result in speciation, and can occur in a number of different ways; pre and post zygotic

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13
Q

reproductive isolation leads to ____

A

diversity!

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14
Q

Evolutionary success

A

evolutionary fitness, aka leaving prodigy, having offspring

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15
Q

evolution occurs when…

A

natural selection changes the frequency of alleles in a gene pool of a specific species

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16
Q

Sexual selection

A

when one gender in a species has a larger role in deciding who can reproduce
- Ex. Horned males fight for female attention, male birds “flash” females

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17
Q

Artificial selection

A

when humans select how and when breeding occurs

- Wild mustard plant can become many leafy plants ex cabbage or broccoli

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18
Q

Genetic drift

A

original population->bottlenecking event->leaves few random survivors
- Change in allele frequency because of a RANDOM event (no trait choosing)

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19
Q

Origins of Life

A
  • First cells on earth- prokaryotic and heterotrophic
  • Early earth- no oxygen, it was called a reducing atmosphere w/ methane and ammonia
  • Lots of energy- volcanoes, lightening, meteorites
  • 2.5 billion years ago- oxygen revolution
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20
Q

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey- Chicago 1953:

A

• made closed experimental system of early earth conditions to look for presence of organic compounds
• used electrode to mimic lightening; W/O nothing was produced b/c it is energy source
Reactants: H2O, H2, CH4, NH3
Products: CH2O (formaldehyde), HCN, amino acids, hydrocarbons
Conclusion: abiotic synthesis of organic compounds could have led to life forms

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21
Q

Ribozyme

A

ribosomal enzyme

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22
Q

what does Zinc do in the body?

A

increases self replication of amino acids

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23
Q

phylogeny

A

diagram to classify evolution

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24
Q

the correct way to write a scientific name

A

Genus species (italicized), authority, year

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25
Q

Taxonomy

A

naming organisms

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26
Q

2 purposes of phylogenies

A

info retrieval and reflect evolutionary history

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27
Q

phylogenies can split into ___ branches

A

2

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28
Q

Taxon

A

group of organisms in a phylogeny

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29
Q

Basal taxon

A

goes the farthest back in time, has most in common with ancestor

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30
Q

Sister taxa

A

under the same common ancestor

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31
Q

Monophyletic group

A

derived from a single common ancestor

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32
Q

Homologous character

A

character derived from a single common ancestor

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33
Q

Analogous character

A

not derived from common ancestor but appear similar because of Convergent evolution

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34
Q

Convergent evolution

A

how adaptation occurs

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35
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

error of INCLUSION

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36
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

error of EXCLUSION

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37
Q

phylogenies are _____

A

hypothesis

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38
Q

Homologous character in a phylogene is ____ and ______

A

derived

ancestral

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39
Q

Outgroup

A

most closely related to others without being in same branch, has ancestral state
Ex. Lancelot is closely related to all vertebrates without being a vertebrate

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40
Q

the most recently evolved has the ___ number of character states

A

highest

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41
Q

Parsimony

A

simplest explanation is the correct explanation

- One example of when it didn’t work is in the lineage of a 4 chambered heart

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42
Q

what domains are prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archea

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43
Q

what domains are eukaryotes

A

eukarya

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44
Q

3 bacterial cell shapes

A

spherical, rod, and spiral

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45
Q

characters of prokaryotes

A 
circular DNA
70S ribsomes (S=Svedberg) [eukarya are 80S]
cell wall is peptidoglycan (proteins and carbs)
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46
Q

gram positive

A

absorbs more dye, means more peptides, thicker wall, purple

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47
Q

gram negative

A

structurally complex, pink

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48
Q

Mesosomes

A

invaginations of cell membranes

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49
Q

Fimbriae

A

sticky projections on prokaryotes, not to be confused with pili

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50
Q

Pili

A

not sticky, hollow projections that connect cells and transfer DNA during conjugation

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51
Q

Taxis

A

movement of microbial cells

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52
Q

gliding movement

A

glide over a surface

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53
Q

spiral movement

A

corkscrew

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54
Q

flagella

A

extracellular on prokaryotes; acellular on eukaryotes

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55
Q

binary fission

A

circular chromosomes, replication, no histone proteins

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56
Q

Plasmids

A

circular pieces of DNA, very small and allowed for gene cloning and beginning of molecular biology

57
Q

endospores

A

endogenously formed, resistant to heat, cold, drying, radiation, acid, and chemicals, they evolved to survive the harsh environment of early earth

58
Q

3 ways if sexaul reproduction of prokaryotes

A

transformation, conjugation, transduction

59
Q

transformation

A

DNA taken up by cell from external environment with biofilm

60
Q

conjugation

A

cell to cell contact = DNA transfer

61
Q

transduction

A

DNA transfer by a virus

62
Q

Why do prokaryotes succeed??

A 
Small size, small surface area to volume ratio
Structural simplicity
Internam membranes
Motility (flagella)
Reproduction (many ways; plasmids)	
shape
adaptability 
adhesion
endospores (resistant to a lot)
genetic plasticity
63
Q

Making a living as a microbe involves obtaining ___ and ____

A

energy and carbon

64
Q

2 ways to obtain energy

A

photo (sun) and chemo (in/organic)

65
Q

2 ways to obtain carbon

A

auto (CO2) and hetero (organic)

66
Q

photoautotroph

A

light and CO2

67
Q

chemoautotroph

A

inorganic material and CO2

68
Q

photoheterotroph

A

light and organic material

69
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

organic and organic

70
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis

A

H2O is energy source and CO2 is carbon source

71
Q

Nonoxygenic photosynthesis

A

H2S energy source and CO2 carbon source

72
Q

Saprobes

A

live off dead organic matter

73
Q

parasites

A

use living hosts

74
Q

how are archea and eukarya similar?

A

in protein synthesis (nuclear function, RNA, DNA) while Bacteria uses hosts energy etc

75
Q

how are archea and bacteria similar?

A

lack nuclear envelope and organelle membranes and have circular chromosomes

76
Q

3 archean lineages

A

methanogens
extreme halophiles
extreme thermophiles

77
Q

nitrogen is important for _____

A

making proteins and nucleic acids and it is very un-reactive

78
Q

bacterial lineages

A 
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Gram-positive bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Proteobacteria
79
Q

Bioremediation

A

application of organisms to remove pollutants from air, water and soil

80
Q

Chlamydias

A

o Intracellular parasites that live inside another cell and use that cell’s ATP
o Don’t have a cell wall
o Examples: STDs, and the most widespread cause of blindness worldwide

81
Q

Spirochetes

A

o Pathogens
o Corkscrew movement to get inside cells
o Examples: syphilis and Lyme disease

82
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

o Problematic to humans, very diverse, some gram-taxa
o Mycoplasmas- smallest cells ever!! 0.2um
o Actinomycetes- gram negative
o Examples: streph and staph infections

83
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

o Blue green algae, freshwater and marine, very abundant
o Have heterocysts- nitrogen fixation with nitrogenase
o Photosynthetic protein- chlorophyll A Phycobilin
o Akinetes- resting cells, “in hibernation”
o Synechococcus- fixes most carbon, makes most oxygen (40%)

84
Q

Shared characteristics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

A
  • Have own circular chromosomes
  • 70S ribosomes (compared to 80S ribosomes in eukarya DNA)
  • Affected by antibiotics
  • Double membrane
    o Chloroplast- thylakiods also have membrane so technically 3 total
    o Mitochondria- inner membrane is the cristae- folds to increase SA
  • Cannot originate de novo, can only come from pre-existing mito or chloro
  • DNA sequences are very similar to prokaryotic ones, especially the rRNA
85
Q

Symbiosis

A

relationship btwn 2 organisms of different species that is mutually beneficial

86
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

becomes symbiont within other cells (host), loses own cell structure and DNA

  • “individual species living inside another species” intra or extra cellular
  • Symbionts have 2 membrane (usually)
87
Q

Direct filliation

A

differentiation of already existing structure in cell, through mutation or adaptation
ex. Origin of nuclear membrane and entire endomembrane

88
Q

Mitochondria originate from _____

A

alpha proteobacteria CAME FIRST

89
Q

chloroplasts orginate from _____

A

photosynthetic prokaryote CAME AFTER

90
Q

Primary endosymbiosis

A

eukaryotic host cell and symbiont prokaryote

91
Q

Secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis

A

eukarytoic host and eukaryotic symbiont

92
Q

mutualism endosymbiosis

A

mutually beneficial; eg. Shrimp cleaning fish teeth

93
Q

commensalism endosymbiosis

A

symbiont benefits, other is not affected; eg. Barnacles on a whale

94
Q

parasitic endosymbiosis

A

symbiant harms host; eg. any parasite

95
Q

Apicomplexans

A

cause malaria, blood parasite, has chloroplast descendent from red algae

96
Q

consequence of endosymbiosis

A

lost or transferred genetic info

example: Rubisco- enzyme in PS- 16 polypeptides- 8 small in nucleus, 8 large in chloroplast

97
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

not Darwinian gene transfer, here genes can just “jump” domains/kingdoms/genomes and appear without being derived from common ancestor

98
Q

algae

A
  • Photoautotrophic microbes aquatic
  • Prokaryotic or eukaryotic
  • Cyanobacteria is the only prokaryotic algae
99
Q

protozoa

A
  • Chemoheterotrophic microbes, “animal like”

- All eukaryotic, protists

100
Q

protists

A
  • Originated as unicellular, mulitcellular ones do not have differentiated tissues
  • not fungi, plants, or animals, all “other”
  • diversity comes from secondary endosymbiosis
101
Q

chloroplast pigments

A

a- grass green, in all PS
b & c- also green
caroteinoid- yellow orange
phycobilin- blue to red

102
Q

chlorophyll and caroteinoids are _____ soluble

A

lipid

103
Q

phycobilin pigments are ___ soluble

A

water

104
Q

green algae gave rise to

A

land plants

105
Q

red algae gave rise to

A

alveolates

106
Q

histone

A

proteins that DNA wrap around like thread on a spool

107
Q

all eukaryotes and protists have moved with ____ at some life stage

A

flagella

108
Q

cilia

A

many, shorter, moves like an oar

109
Q

Where are protists found?

A

Terrestrial habitats, bottom dwellers, plankton, as symbionts

110
Q

protists 3 ecological categories

A

protozoa, fungal, algae

111
Q

protozoa

A

ingestive, eat with food vacuole, animal like

112
Q

fungal

A

absorptive, outside of cell digestion, fungal like

113
Q

algae

A

photosynthetic, use sun energy, plant like

114
Q

Oomycetes

A

water molds, grow on hemp seeds, left out of edition 10 of book

115
Q

Excavata

A

“super group”; ancestral eukaryotes b/c 70s ribosome, some lack mitochondria, have poor endomembrane system, mitochondrial genes were found in genome suggesting that they once had them but then lost them over evolution b/c of anaerobic environment they live in

116
Q

Diplomonads

A

one type of excavate

117
Q

Gardia intestinales

A

parasite in intestines of mammals
from contaminated drinking water (ex. Mt Rainer Nat’l Park from bears)
Have 4 flagella, 2 nuclei, no mitochondria no golgi apparatus

118
Q

Parabasalids

A

mostly begin, non-pathogenic symbionts

119
Q

Tyichonympha

A

found in gut of termite to digest cellulose

120
Q

Trichonomonas vaginalis

A

benign, STD

121
Q

Euglenozonas (2 types)

A

euglenoids and kinetoplasts

122
Q

euglenoids

A

 Unicellular and free living, aquatic
 Can be photosynthetic or not, heterotrophic and mixotrophic
 Metaboly- flexible nature of cell because of the pellicle
 Secondary endosymbiont of green algae
 Flagellum- 9+2 microtubules, rest is a crystalline rod structure

123
Q

metaboly

A

flexible nature of cell because of the pellicle

124
Q

kinetoplasts (group)

A

 Trypanosomes
 Unicellular
 Kinetoplast- one large mitochondria, lots of its own DNA
 Mostly blood parasites: Chagas disease & African Sleeping Sickness (trypanosome)

125
Q

kinetoplasts (thing)

A

one large mitochondria, lots of its own DNA

126
Q

Alveolates (2 groups)

A

dinoflagellates and ciliates

127
Q

dinoflagellates

A

flagellated protists
o Tertiary endosymbiosis
o 50% photosynthetic, 50% heterotrophic
o Chromosomes- permanently condensed, lack histone proteins
o Make red tides (harmful algal bloom) and can be bioluminescent

128
Q

ciliates

A

use cilia to move and feed
o Solitary cells in freshwater
o Submembrane system of microtubules so all are connected and coordinated
o Contractile vacuoles- pump out water
o Micro and macro nucleus- macro- multiple copies of genome (binary fission)
o Paramecium- oval groove to draw in food through phagocytosis

129
Q

sexual reproduction in ciliates

A
  • Only diploid cells can do meiosis- result in haploids cells with 4 nuclei
  • 3 of the 4 nuclei disintegrate, 1 left goes through mitosis, conjugation occurs ending in 2 nuclei per cell, one of each switch so end with a blue and red in both cells (from one all red and one all blue)
  • Micronuclear fusion becomes diploid micronucleus, 1 to 8, the macronucleus goes through mitsosis to make 4, self destructs because doesn’t have correct genetic info anymore
  • All the micronuclei fuse to become one huge macronucleus
  • SO new macronucleus is a result of micronuclear fusion, then cell divides by binary fission so the end result is 4 cells each with one micro and one macro
130
Q

Apicomplexans

A

part of alveolates,
o Parasites that cause serious diseases
o Sporozoite- motile cell that disperses organisms from one location to another
o Meroziote- reinfects red blood cells

131
Q

Malarial parasite

A

Plasmodium

132
Q

how does malaria work

A

mosquito bites human, sporozoites enter through mosquito salvia, finds liver and infects liver cells, the cells that leave the liver are meroziotes that go on to infect RBCs; some cells that leave RBCs are merozoites and some are gametocytes-> egg or sperm that can infect other mosquitos when they bite infected human

133
Q

malarial parasites are (haploid or diploid)

A

haploid

134
Q

SAR clade

A

stramenopiles, alveolates and rhizarians

135
Q
  • Stramenopiles
A

known for tripartite and tubular flagella
o Has chl and c which leads to brown yellow color
o All stramenopiles are 2nd or 3rd endosymbiosis

136
Q
  • Brown algae
A

o Example: kelp
o Largest and most complex algae
o Mutlicelluar and found in cool marine water

137
Q

Oomyctes

A 
water mold
o	Grow on hemp seeds
o	KNOW WHAT CAUSED POTATO FAMINE: phytophora infestans
o	Mildew and plant pathogens
o	LIFE CYCLE OF WATER MOLD
138
Q

what caused potato famine?

A

phytophora infestans

139
Q

life cycle of water mold

A

 If conditions are right, ASEXUAL will occur- becomes a zoospore and can go attack another cell
 Coenocytic cells have no cross wall and many nuclei
 Meiosis only occurs to produce egg and sperm to do sexual reproduction- stimulated by lack of nutrients or bad water temperature

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