Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

from flashcardlet > anatomy 2 test 3 > Flashcards

anatomy 2 test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of respiratory system

A

gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid base balance, blood pressure, blood and lymph flow, blood filtration, explosion of abdominal contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

conducting division

A

no gas exchange, only passages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

respiratory divison

A

gas exchange organs like alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

vestibule

A

beginning of nasal cavity, chamber just inside nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

respiratory epithelium lines all of nasal cavity except

A

vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what cells secrete respiratory mucous

A

goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what type of epithelium are in the nasopharynx

A

psuedostratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what type of epithelium are in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

primary function of larynx

A

keep food and drink out of airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1st 3 cartilage of the larynx are: (characteristic and names)

A

solitary and large
epiglottic- superior
thyroid- largest, prominent
cricoid- ring like, connects to trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 smaller paired cartilages of the larynx (characteristic and names)

A

small and paired
arytenoid- posterior to thyroid
corniculate- attached to arytenoid, horn like
cuneiform- support tissue btw epiglottis and aryteniods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what muscles operate vocal cords

A

deep intrinsic muscles of larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of cartilage is the trachea

A

hyaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of epithelium is inside the trachea

A

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

middle tracheal layer

A

connective tissue, contains lymphatic organs, mucous and serous glands, and cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

outermost tracheal layer

A

adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

right lung

A

shorter bc liver, 2 fissures, 3 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

left lung

A

tall and narrow bc heart, 1 fissure, 2 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

primary bronchus

A

right is shorts and wider than left, supported by hyaline cartilage rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

secondary (lobar) bronchus

A

3 right, 2 left, to each lobe of the lung, supported by crescent shaped cartilage plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tertiary (segmental) bronchus

A

supported by crescent shaped cartilage plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

functionally independent unit of lung tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

all bronchi are lined with

A

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

respiratory system path of air (12)

A 
nasal cavity
pharynx
trachea
main bronchus
lobar bronchus
segmental bronchus
bronchiole
terminal bronchiole
respiratory bronchiole
alvelor duct
atrium
alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

types of alveoli cells

A

squamous (type 1)- rapid gas diffusion, 95%

great (type 2)- repair epithelium, secrete surfactant, 5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what cells repair alveolar epithelium and secrete surfactant

A

great alveolar cells (type 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

A

most numerous, keep free of debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what organ has the most lymphatic drainage

A

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

respiratory membrane

A

thin membrane btwn alveolar air and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how is fluid prevented from accumulating in alveoli?

A

with respiratory membrane and the absorption by blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

autonomic, unconscious breathing is controlled by:

A

ventral respiratory group, dorsal respiratory group and pontine respiratory group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ventral respiratory group

A 
in medulla
primary generator of breathing
inspiratory neurons fire for: 2 seconds
expiratory neurons fire for: 3 seconds
via phrenic nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

in medulla

modifies rate and depth of breathing via external sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

pontine respiratory group

A

in pons

adapts breathing to circumstances like sleep, exercise, vocalization, and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

hyperventilation

A

rapid breathing, expelling CO2 faster than its produced, pH rises, cerebral arteries constrict, lower brain perfusion =dizziness and fainting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the pH of what fluid reflects CO2 level in blood?

A

CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

stretch receptors in lung

A

in smooth muscles, responds to inflation and stops inspiration (Hering-Breuer reflex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

irritant receptors in lung

A

response to irritants like dust and chemicals

protective reflexes like bronchoconstriction, shallow breathing, breath holding, coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

voluntary control of breathing originates where

A

motor cortex of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

boyles law

A

at constant temperature, PRESSURE and VOLUME are inversely related
eg. volume decreases so pressure increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

slightly negative pressure btw pleural layer, lungs and chest wall pull in opposite directions, filled with fluid and stick bc cohesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

pneumothorax

A

presence of air in the pleural cavity, e.g. bc of punctured lung, loss of negative intercellular pressure cause lug collapse, or atelectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

2 factors that influence airway resistance

A

bronchiole diameter

  • increase in diameter means increases in airflow
  • decrease in diameter means decrease in airflow

pulmonary compliance- ease with which lungs expand, lung diseases can make lungs stiffer and thus reduce airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what does surfactant do

A

disrupts H bonds in surface tension of water film inside alveoli, reducing surface tension and increasing compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

anatomic dead space

A

conducting divison, no gas exchange

150mL of air stays here!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

alveolar ventilation rate

A

air that goes to alveoli (amount inhaled - 150) multiplied by the respiratory rate= AVR in mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

residual volume

A

1,300mL that cannot be exhaled with maximum effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

tidal volume

A

amount inhaled and exhaled in 1 cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount inhaled with max effort ~3,000 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

amount exhaled with max effort ~1,200ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount that can be inhaled and exhaled with max effort

VC=ERV + TV + IRV = ~4700ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

max amount inhaled after tidal expulsion

IC = TV + IRV = ~3500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

functional residual capacity

A

amount remaining after tidal expulsion

2500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

total lung capacity

A

max amount lung can contain

TLC=RV+VC = ~6000ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

restrictive disorders

A

reduce pulmonary compliance, limits inflation

e.g. black lung or tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

obstructive disorders

A

narrow or block airway, hard to inhale/exhale

eg asthma, chronic bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

composition of alveolar air and inspired air differs bc 3 influences

A
  1. air is humidified by mucous membranes
  2. air in alveoli mixes with residual air
  3. alveolar air exchanges O2 and CO2 with blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

for oxygen to get into the blood….

A

it must dissolve in the film of water covering the alveolar epithelium, and pass through respiratory membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

for carbon dioxide to leave the blood….

A

it must pass through membrane and diffuse out of water into the alveolar air

60
Q

Henrys law

A

amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in air
eg CO2 is 20x as soluble as O2

61
Q

variables of alveolar gas exchange

A 
pressure gradient
solubility
membrane surface area
membrane thickness
ventilation perfusion coupling
62
Q

what percent of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin

A

98.5

63
Q

what are the 3 forms carbon dioxide is transported in

A

carbonic acid 90% (70% exchanged)
carbamino compounds 5% (23% exchanged)
dissolved in plasma 5% (7% exchanged)

64
Q

4 factors that adjust the rate of oxygen unloading

A

ambient O2- active tissue has low PO2, so O2 released from blood
temperature: active tissue has higher temp- O2 unload
bohr effect: active tissue has high CO2, low pH, O2 unload
bisphosphoglycerate: RBCs produce this which ends to hemoglobin, promotes O2 unloading

65
Q

haldane effect

A

low level of oxyhemoglobin enables blood to transport CO2

66
Q

most potent stimulus for breathing is

A

pH

67
Q

CO2 effects on respiration

A

direct: beginning of exercise, high CO2 levels may stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors and trigger increased ventilation
indirect: through pH

68
Q

functions of kidneys

A

filter blood and excrete wastes
regulate blood volume, pressure and osmolarity
regulate electrolytes and acid base balance
secrete EPO to stim RBC prod
regulate Ca by helping synthesize calcitriol
clear hormones from blood
detoxify free radicals
during starvation, synthesize glucose from amino acid

69
Q

uremia

A

diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia stemming from toxicity of the nitrogenous waste of azotemia- elevated blood nitrogen

70
Q

4 organ systems that carry out excretion

A

respiratory, integumentary, digestive and urinary

71
Q

3 protective coverings of kidneys

A

renal fascia- superficial, binds to abdominal wall
peritoneal fat capsule- middle, cushions kidney and holds ti in place
fibrous capsule- deep, covers kidney, protects from infection

72
Q

renal parenchyma

A

glandular tissue that forms urine

2 zones- cortex and medulla

73
Q

renal sinus

A

cavity that contains blood, lymphatic vessels, nerves and urine collecting structures

74
Q

renal fraction

A

kidneys receive 21% of cardiac output

75
Q

divisions of renal circulation starting with renal artery

A

renal artery-> segmental arteries-> interlobar, arcuate, and cortical radiate arteries and afferent arterioles
which leads to a ball of capillaries- glomerulus

76
Q

how is blood drained from glomerulus

A

efferent arterioles to peritubular capillaries to cortical veins to arcuate veins to interlobar veins to renal vein to inferior vena cava

77
Q

nephron (2 parts)

A

renal corpuscle- filters blood plasma, is glomerulus and capsule
renal tubule- coiled tube that converts filtrate into urine

78
Q

renal tubule

A

duct leading away from glomerulus, ends at medullary pyramid, divided into 4 parts

79
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

longest, most coiled, ABSORPTION

80
Q

nephron loop

A

U shaped, ascending and descending
thick segments- active transport of salts, has mitochondria
thin segments- permeable to water

81
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

shorter, less coiled, no microvilli

82
Q

collecting duct

A

receives fluid from many DCTs

83
Q

papillary duct

A

merge of several collecting ducts

84
Q

trace urinary system

A

glomerular capsule, PCT, nephron loop, DCT, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

85
Q

cortical nephrons

A

in cortex, 85% of nephrons, shorter, efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries

86
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

in medulla, 15% of nephrons, very long, efferent arterioles branch into vasa recta

87
Q

renal plexus

A

nerves around each renal artery, sympathetic innervation from abdominal aortic plexus which:

  • reduces blood flow and rate of urine production
  • respond to falling BP by stimulating kidneys to secrete renin
88
Q

urine

A

fluid that enters the collecting duct

89
Q

glomerular filration

A

special filtration capillary fluid exchange where water and solutes in blood plasma pass from capillaries to space of nephron

90
Q

3 barriers of filtration membrane

A

fenestrated endthelium of glomerular capillaries- very permeable
basement membrane- negative charge, must be

91
Q

what molecules can pass freely through the filtration membrane?

A

water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes and vitamins

92
Q

what is larger? afferent or efferent

A

afferent (thick)

efferent (small)

93
Q

what is net flirtation pressure

A

10 mmHg

94
Q

what can happen as a result of HTN in kidneys?

A

rupture of glomerular capillaries, scarring of kidneys (nephrosclerosis), and atherosclerosis of blood vessels
renal failure

95
Q

what happens if GFR is too high

A

fluid flows too rapidly for reabsorption
urine output increases
chance of dehydration and electrolyte depletion

96
Q

what happens if GFR is too low

A

wastes are reabsorbed, azotemia (high BUN)

97
Q

how is GFR regulated

A

by adjusting glomerular BP

98
Q

2 methods of auto regulation

A

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

99
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

if arterial BP increases, afferent arteriole is stretched and then constricts in response, preventing blood flow from changing

100
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback

A

glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream
when GFR is high- filtrate has more NaCl, macula dense absorbs this, releases ATP, metabolized by mesangial cells to adenosine which stimulates granular cells to constrict

101
Q

macula densa

A

sensory cells in nephron loop

102
Q

granular cells

A

secrete renin in response to low BP

103
Q

renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism

A

baroreceptors respond to drop in BP, signal SNS, trigger release of renin, renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1, ACE in lungs and kidneys will convert angiotensin1 to angiotensin 2

104
Q

angiotensin 2

A

vasoconstrictor
increase BP by constricting efferent arterioles in kidney, increasing GFR, enhances reabsorption in kidneys, stimulates aldosterone secretion, stimulates pituitary to release ADH, stimulates thirst

105
Q

3 steps to urine formation

A

tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
water conservation

106
Q

tubular reabsorption (what it is, where, 2 routes)

A

reclaiming water and solutes, sodium is key
proximal convoluted tubule
transcellular route- thru cytoplasm
paracellular route- thru gaps

107
Q

2 transport proteins that are responsible for Na uptake

A

symports- bind to Na and another solute like glucose and transport in same direction
antiports-pulls Na into cell while pumping out H+

108
Q

what is never reabsorbed

A

creatinine

109
Q

pressure in glomerulus vs peritubular capillaries

A

60 mmHg vs 8mmHg

110
Q

3 factors that promote osmosis in capillaries

A

high interstitial fluid pressure bc reabsorbed fluid
low blood hydrostatic pressure bc narrow efferent
high colloid osmotic pressure bc not filtered proteins

111
Q

3 purposes of tubular secretion in PCT and nephron loop

A

acid base balance
waste removal
drug clearance

112
Q

primary function of nephron loop

A

generate salinity gradient that enables collecting duct to concentrate urine and conserve water

113
Q

principal cells

A

in DCT and collecting duct
have hormone receptors
salt/water balance

114
Q

intercalated cells

A

in DCT and collecting duct
secrete H+ and reabsorbs K+
acid base balance

115
Q

aldosterone

A

secreted by adrenal cortex
salt retaining
reabsorbs Na+, secrete K+, retains salt and water

116
Q

natriuretic peptides

A

secreted by atrial myocardium of heart in response to high BP
excretes more salt and water by:
1. dilates afferent arteriole, constricts efferent
2. inhibit renin and aldosterone and ADH
3. inhibit NaCl reabsorption by collecting duct

117
Q

ADH

A

secreted by posterior pituitary

makes collecting duct more permeable to water, water retention

118
Q

PCT reabsorbs __%

A

65

119
Q

nephron loop reabsorbs __%

A

25

120
Q

collecting duct ____ water

A

conserves

121
Q

the medullary portion os the kidney is more permeable to ___ than ___

A

water than salt

122
Q

water diuresis

A

drinking a large volume of water will produce a large volume of hypotonic (less concentrated) urine

123
Q

the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine depends on _____

A

the salinity gradient of the renal medulla, the medulla is 4x as salty as the cortex

124
Q

countercurrent multiplier

A

nephron loop continuously captures said and returns it to the ECF of the medulla

125
Q

fluid flows ___ in descending limb

A

downward

permeable to water not salt, becomes concentrated

126
Q

fluid flows ____ in ascending limb

A

upward

permeable to salt not water, becomes dilute

127
Q

what is permeable to urea

A

lower end of collecting duct

128
Q

vasa recta

A 
supplies medulla with blood
capillary branching off efferent arteriole
descending- water not salt
ascending- salt not water
overall: no change in osmolarity
129
Q

low urine output can result from ___? (4)

A

kidney disease, dehydration, circulatory shock or prostate enlargement

130
Q

diuretics (what they do, how, for what)

A

increases urine volume by increasing GFR, reducing tubular absorption or inhibiting Na+ K+ Cl- symport
to treat HTN and CHF

131
Q

renal clearance (definition and equation)

A

volume of blood plasma that a waste is removed from in 1 minute
C=(waste concentrate in urine*rate of urine output)/ waste concentration in plasma

132
Q

3 layers of the ureter and bladder

A

adventitia- connective tissue, connects to others
muscularis- smooth muscle
mucosa- transitional epithelium

133
Q

trigone

A

smooth surfaced triangular area on bladder floor thats marked with openings for ureter and urethra

134
Q

renal calculi

A

kidney stones
calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid or struvite that forms in renal pelvis
causes: hypercalcemia, dehydration, pH imbalance, frequent UTIs, enlarged prostate

135
Q

cystitis

A

infection urinary bladder

136
Q

pyelitis

A

infection of renal pelvis

137
Q

8 steps of micturition

A

involuntary
1. stretch receptors send signal to spinal cord
2. signals return to bladder via parasympathetic
3. efferent signals excite detrusor muscle
4. efferent signals relax internal urethral sphincter, you’ll pee if not stopped by brain
voluntary
5. micturition center on pons receives stretch info
6. if it is timely to pee, pons tells interneurons to relax internal sphincter
7. if untimely, cerebrum signals excite interneurons that keep external sphincter contracted
8. if timely, cerebrum signals inhibit sacral neurons that keep external sphincter closed, so it releases and you pee

138
Q

5 stages of digestion

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation

139
Q

4 layers of digestive tract wall

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

140
Q

2 enteric nervous system networks and what they do

A

submucosal (meissner) plexus- control glandular secretion and muscularis movements

myenteric (auerbach) plexus- parasympathetic, btwn 2 layer of muscular, responsible for peristalsis

141
Q

mouth is lined with ___

A

stratified squamous epithelium
keratinized- gums, hard palate
non keratinized- floor of mouth, soft palate, cheeks

142
Q

which teeth tissues are living and which are not?

A

dentin and cementum are living

enamel is not

143
Q

masseter and temporalis muscles action

A

up and down, elevate lower teeth to upper

144
Q

medial and lateral pterygoids and masster muscles action

A

grinding, side to side

145
Q

what digestion does the saliva do?

A

digestion of starches and fat

from flashcardlet (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions