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From Flashcardlet > Anatomy Test 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior

A

front

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2
Q

posterior

A

back

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3
Q

ventral

A

front

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4
Q

dorsal

A

back

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5
Q

distal

A

far from

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6
Q

proximal

A

near

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7
Q

sagittal

A

divides into left and right

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8
Q

coronal/frontal

A

center cut, divides into dorsal and ventral

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9
Q

dorsal cavity

A

Bones of the cranial portion of the skull and vertebral column, toward the dorsal (posterior) side of the body.
 Cranial cavity: Contains the brain
 Spinal portion: Contains the spinal cord, which is an extension of the brain

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10
Q

cranial cavity

A

brain

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11
Q

spinal cavity

A

contains spinal cord

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12
Q

ventral cavity

A

Contains viscera. Anterior surface of torso; divided by diaphragm muscle into upper thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.

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13
Q

abdominal pelvic cavity

A

 Abdominopelvic cavity: Imaginary line that runs across hipbones divides the body into the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
o Abdominal cavity: Contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and intestines (small and large), ovaries (in female); the peritoneal cavity (peritoneum) surrounds the abdominal organs
o Pelvic cavity: Contains colon, rectum, urinary bladder, uterus (in females)

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14
Q

thoracic cavity

A

 Thoracic cavity: The chest; contains trachea, bronchi, lungs, esophagus, heart and great blood vessels, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and nerves. Contains smaller cavities, too:
o Pleural cavities surround each lung
o Pericardial cavity contains the heart.
o Mediastinum- contains pericardial cavity and surrounds remaining thoracic organs

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15
Q

Animal relations- chimpanzee

A

only 1.6% DNA difference w/ humans, chimp and gorillas differ by 2.3%

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16
Q

Characteristics of Life

A

evolution, reproduction, development, homeostasis, metabolism, excretion, movement, organization, responsiveness, cellular composition

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17
Q

Situs inversus

A

opposite side

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18
Q

situs perversus

A

abnormal

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19
Q

dextocardia

A

incorrect heart position

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20
Q

Bipedalism

A

walking on 2 legs, forest became grassland, use standing to spot predators and to carry infants or food, caused skeletal and muscular modifications

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21
Q

Parietal serosa

A

line internal body walls of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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22
Q

visceral serosa

A

covers internal organs

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23
Q

serosa fluid

A

separates serosae

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24
Q

Left upper quadrant

A

portion of the liver, the larger portion of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small intestine

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25
Q

right upper quadrant

A

the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, right kidney, a small portion of the stomach, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of small intestine

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26
Q

right lower quadrant

A

cecum, appendix, part of the small intestines, the right reproductive organs, and the right ureter

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27
Q

left lower quadrant

A

majority of the small intestine, some of the large intestine, the left reproductive organs, and the left ureter

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28
Q

nine regional divisions

A

the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right inguinal (or iliac), epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (or pubic), left hypochondriac, left lumbar, and left inguinal (or iliac).

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29
Q

benefits of water

A

makes up 60% of body weight
• Intracellular fluid takes 2-4% of this water
• Daily water loss 1000cc- 100-200 feces and 900 skin
• Stabilizes internal body temperature
• Has high heat capacity because of hydrogen bonds
• Is coolant, 1ml perspiration removes 500 calories

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30
Q

electrolytes

A
  • salts, conducts electricity, has chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, imbalance=cramps, brittle bones, coma and death
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31
Q

ionizing radiation

A

destroys molecules; sources- UV, x-rays, nuclear decay

  • Alpha and beta rays cannot penetrate skin, only harmful if inside body
  • Gamma rays are emitted from uranium and plutonium and are penetrating and harmful
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32
Q

free radicals

A

particles with odd number of electrons can cause tissue damage

  • Antioxidants neutralize them
  • Produced by metabolic reactions, radiation and chemicals
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33
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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34
Q

gylcolipids

A

external cell membrane

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35
Q

gylcoproteins

A

mucus of respiratory and digestive tracks and cell membrane

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36
Q

proteogylcans

A

gel holds cells and tissues together, joint lubrication, cartilage

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37
Q

Eicosanoids

A

derived from arachidonic acid, hormone-like, roles in inflammation, blood clotting, hormones, labor, blood vessel diameter

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38
Q

primary protein structure

A

amino acid sequence

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39
Q

secondary protein structure

A

coil and fold; H bonds btwn C=O and N-H

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40
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

globular and fibrous

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41
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

associations of 2+ polypeptides

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42
Q

protein function

A

structure, communication, membrane transport, catalyst, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesions

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43
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts

  • Lowers activation energy
  • Reusable
  • Speed
  • Affected by temperature and pH
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44
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer-amphiphilic; transmembrane proteins- transport; cholesterol-affects fluidity; peripheral protein- anchor; proteins are 2% of membrane but 50% of weight

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45
Q

Gastrulation

A

embryo morphs to form 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
- Totipotent and pluripotent stem cells differentiate into the 3 germ layers

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46
Q

Ectoderm

A

skin, nails, hair, nervous system- neural crest and tissues

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47
Q

mesoderm

A

somites- muscle, rib cartilage, vertebrae, dermis, notochord, blood and vessels, bone, CT

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48
Q

endoderm

A

epithelium of digestive and respiratory systems and digestive organs

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49
Q

Epithelial

A
  • Layers of closely adhering cells
  • Flat sheets, upper surface exposed to environment or internal cavity
  • No blood vessels, connective tissue supplies nutrients and removes wastes through diffusion
  • Rests on basement membrane- thin layer of collagen and adhesive proteins, anchors
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50
Q

Simple squamous

A

single row of flat cells, permits diffusion, secretes serous fluid, found in: bowel, alveoli in lungs, glomeruli in kidneys, endothelium, serosa

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51
Q

simple cubodial

A

single cubed shaped with microvilli, absorption and secretion, found in: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, kidney tubules

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52
Q

Simple columnar

A

single tall, narrow, nuclei in basal half of cell, absorption and secretion, found in GI tract lining, uterus, kidney and ureter

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53
Q

Pseudostratified

A

single row, some don’t reach surface, secretes and propels respiratory mucus

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54
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous

A

multilayered, covered with dead cells, epidermal layer of skin, stops water loss and acts as a barrier

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55
Q

Stratified cubodial

A

secretes sweat, produces sperm and hormones, found in sweat gland ducts, seminiferous tubules, ovarian follicles

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56
Q

Transitional

A

changes from round to flat cells shape as needed, found in bladder and ureter

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57
Q

where can you find simple squamos

A

bowel, alveoli in lungs, glomeruli in kidneys, endothelium, serosa

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58
Q

where is simple cubodial

A

: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, kidney tubules

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59
Q

where is simple columnar

A

GI tract lining, uterus, kidney and ureter

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60
Q

where is transitional found

A

bladder and ureter

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61
Q

where is stratified squamos

A

tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina

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62
Q

Connective tissue functions

A

connects organs, stores energy, produces heat, support and protection, movement and transport of materials

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63
Q

collagen fibers

A

tough, stretch resistant, flexible, white, found in tendons (B-M) ligaments (B-B)

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64
Q

reticular fibers

A

thin collagen coated with glycoprotein, found in spleen and lymph nodes

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65
Q

elastic fibers

A

thin, branching, elastin protein, stretch/recoil, elasticity, yellow, in skin, lungs, arteries

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66
Q

ground substance

A

gelatinous material between cells that absorb compressive forces

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67
Q

• Glycosaminogylcans

A

chondrotin sulfate; attract Na, hold H2O, regulate water/electrolyte balance

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68
Q

• Adhesive glycoproteins

A

protein-carb complex that bind cell membrane to collagen

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69
Q

fibrous connective tissue loose

A

gel like ground substance

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70
Q

types of loose CT

A

Areolar, reticular, adipose

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71
Q

Areolar

A

loose arrangement of fibers and cells in ground substance, underlies all epithelia, between muscles, passage for nerves and blood vessels

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72
Q

Reticular

A

loose network of reticular fibers, filtering, forms supportive stroma for lymphatic organs like lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow

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73
Q

Adipose

A

“empty” looking, fat and energy storage, insulation, cushion, subcutaneous fat and organ packing; “brown fat” insulating, produces heat, lean has more, younger has more

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74
Q

dense CT

A

fibers fill the space, vary in fiber orientation

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75
Q

dense regular

A

parallel collagen fibers, compressed fibroblast nuclei, in tendons and ligaments

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76
Q

dense irregular

A

random arrangement of collagen, few cells visible, withstands varied directional stresses, in deep layer of skin and capsules around organs

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77
Q

what is the most abundant protein in the human body

A

collagen

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78
Q

cartilage is avascular/vascular

A

Avascular

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79
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

rubbery matrix, collagen, clustered chondrocytes in lacunae, found at the end of bones, sterna end of ribs, supportive material in larynx, trachea (rings), bronchi and fetal skeleton, gets nutrient supply from synovial fluid in joints

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80
Q

articular cartilage

A

found at the end of long bones, gets nutrients from synovial fluid

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81
Q

elastic cartilage

A

has elastic fibers, flexible support, found in external ear and epiglottis

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82
Q

fibrocartilage

A

extensive collagen, absorbs shock, found in pubic symphysis, meniscus, intervertbral discs

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83
Q

types of cartilage CT

A

hyaline, elastic, reticular

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84
Q

Perichondrium

A

sheath of dense connective tissue, forms interface between cartilage and tissue, articular (hyaline) does not have this contains vascular supply for avascular cartilage

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85
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates bone growth by

  • increasing the deposition of proteins by chondrocytic and osteogenic cells
  • Increases chondrogenic and osteogenic cells reproductions through somatomedin C, IGF-1
  • Conversion of chrondrocytes to osteogenic cells which deposit new bone at the epiphyseal cartilage between ephysis and body of long bone
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86
Q

interstitial cartilage growth

A

length; preexisting chondrocytes divide and increase in number at the epiphyseal plates of long bones, precursor to endochondral bone formation

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87
Q

appositional cartilage growth

A

perichondrial cells differentiate into chrondrocytes, grow in girth

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88
Q

Gherlin

A

stimulates GH produced by cells in fundus (top) of the stomach, makes you feel hungry

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89
Q

Bone (CT)

A

skeletal support leverage for muscles

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90
Q

spongy

A

found in heads of long bones, covered by compact, delicate, compensates for rotary movement

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91
Q

compact

A

complex arrangement, calcified matrix around central canal, lacunae contain osteocytes, has nutrient foreman that allow blood vessels and nutrients to get into bone

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92
Q

blood (CT)

A

type of CT, variety of cells and fragments, nonnucleated pink cells and nucleated white cells

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93
Q

nerve tissue

A

large cells surrounded by smaller glial cells in brain. Spinal cord, nerves

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94
Q

muscle tissue

A

stimulated to contract, exert physical force- move limbs, push blood and urine, body heat

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95
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long cylindrical unbranched cells with striations and peripheral nuclei

96
Q

cardiac muscle

A

short branched cells with striations and intercalated discs, 1 central nucleus, pump blood

97
Q

smooth muscle

A

short fusiform cells, not striated, in viscera for swallowing, GI tract movement, labor contractions, airflow, hair erection, pupil control

98
Q

types of cell junctions

A

tight, desmosomes, gap

99
Q

tight junctions

A

encircle cell joining it to surrounding cells with zipper like connection, prevents passage between cells, found in GI and urinary tract

100
Q

desmosomes junctions

A

patch between cells, filaments terminating on protein plaque, cytoplasmic intermediate filaments also attach here, found in uterus, heart and epidermis

101
Q

gap junctions

A

ring of transmembrane proteins- form water filled channel, for diffusion, small solutes can pass directly cell or cell, found in embryos cardiac and smooth muscle

102
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones directly into blood stream

103
Q

exocrine glands

A

connect to surface with ducts

104
Q

holocrine

A

oil producing glands of the scalp

105
Q

merocrine

A

released by exocytosis, example: tears in eyes or pancreas secretions

106
Q

apocrine

A

merocrine with a weird appearance found in mammary glands and armpits sweat glands

107
Q

simple gland

A

unbranched duct, ex sweat glands

108
Q

compound acinar gland

A

branched ducts, dilated glands, ex mammary

109
Q

compound tubloacinar gland

A

branched ducts, sacs and tubes, ex pancreas

110
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines joint cavities

111
Q

serous membrane

A

internal membrane covers organs and body cavities

112
Q

metaplasia

A

changing from one tissue type to the other, eg. Simple cubodial before puberty and stratified squamous after puberty

113
Q

Stem cells-

A

undifferentiated with development plasticity

114
Q

types of stem cells (potent)

A
  • Totipotent- very early embryo, any cell type
  • Pluripotent- cells of internal mass of embryo, any tissue type
  • Multipotent- bone marrow, blood cell types
  • Unipotent- only epidermal cells produced
115
Q

atrophy

A

loss of cell size or number

116
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

117
Q

necrosis

A

pathological death of tissue

118
Q

gangrene

A

insufficient blood supply

119
Q

gas gangrene

A

anaerobic bacterial infection

120
Q

infarction

A

death by lack of blood

121
Q

decubitis ulcer

A

bed sore

122
Q

keloid

A

excessive fibrosis

123
Q

wound healing of a laceration

A
  • damaged vessels leak blood, damaged cells leak histamine which cause vessel dilation, increases blood flow and capillary permeability
  • clots forms and scab forms on surface
  • macrophages clean up debris
  • new capillaries grow into wound
  • fibroblasts deposit new collagen, begins within 3-4 days, lasts up to 2 weeks
  • epithelial cells multiply beneath scab and scab falls off
  • epithelium thickens, connective tissue forms only scar tissue (fibrosis)
  • remolding may last up to 2 years
124
Q

structure of integument

A

epidermis and cuticle, dermis, accessory structures: glands, hair, nails; subcutaneous layer

125
Q

function of integument

A

protection, excretion, temp maintenance, nutrient storage, vitamin D synthesis, sensory detect

126
Q

Epidermis

A

protection, prevents fluid loss, keeps microorganisms from invading the body

127
Q

characteristics of epidermis

A

avascular, molded to dermis, varies in thickness .05mm eyelid -> 1.5mm palm, feet, back

128
Q

Stratum basale (germinativum)

A

base, 1, mitotic, base layer, contains melanocytes, closest to dermis

129
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

2, spine-y, water retention

130
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3, has melanin granules, flat cells

131
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

4, very thin, sometimes “not there”

132
Q

Stratum corneum

A

5, 14-17 layers of cells, dead

133
Q

melanin

A

closely packed granules within cells, causes color variation, orange-red to black, by melanocyte

134
Q

what do epidermal ridges and layers do?

A

increase surface area and lets dermis and epidermis hold onto each other

135
Q

dermis

A

durable, flexible, elastic; thickness variation 0.3mm eyelid to 3mm back, highly vascular, contains lymphatics and sensory neurons

136
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

papillary and reticular

137
Q

papillary layer

A

contains blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory nerves

138
Q

reticular layer

A
  • collagen and elastic fiber network to resist tension
139
Q

stretch marks

A

caused by excessive dermal stretching patterns of collagen and elastic fibers form lines

140
Q

Langer’s lines

A

aka cleavage lines, collagen fibers follow these lines which correspond to skin creases over the body, patterns are typical but not identical, more similar over same body morphology, to reduce scarring, follow cleavage lines when cutting

141
Q

dermal circulation

A

cutaneous plexus arteries are found in subcutaneous layer and papillary dermis

142
Q

dermal innervation

A

cutaneous sensory receptors, ex. Pacinen corpuscle- nerve for deep pressure sense

143
Q

unencapsulated sensory organs

A
  • free dendritic nerve endings- most body tissue has these
  • modified free dendritic nerve endings- mendel discs in basal layer, light touch sensitivity
  • root hair plexus- surround hair follicles, can feel air movements
144
Q

encapsulated sensory organs

A
  • pacinian corpuscles
  • raffini’s corpuscles- stretch receptors
  • muscle spindles- stretch receptors
  • gogli tendon organs- pressure receptors
  • joint kinesthetic receptors
  • Meissiner corpuscles
145
Q

how does age change sensory ability?

A
  • between ages 10 and 90 there is a 33% decline in nerve density for light touches, vibrations, corneal sensitivity, spatial recognition, also pain threshold increases by 20%
146
Q

hypodermis

A

stabilizes skins position against underlying organs and tissues, has small terminal vessels that collect fluids and macromolecules, look like veins, carry lymphocytes, Langerhans cells and macrophages, drains into superficial plexus below subpapillary venus plexus

147
Q

simple lymphnode

A

has reticular fibers for filtering, parallels kidney, capsule (outside) hilum (junction)

148
Q

dermis is a/vascular?

A

vascular

149
Q

epidermis is a/vascular?

A

avascular

150
Q

nails

A

horny, elastic flat, structures on dorsal surface of external phalanges
Structure- nail body covers nail bed, nail production occurs at the nail root, eponychium (cuticle) overlies root, free edge extends over hyponychium
Older adults- nails thicken and distort, dry brittle, yellow and grey

151
Q

hair

A

(pili)- everywhere except palms, soles, dorsal surface of fingers, glans penis, prepice and labia
Structure- root (radix pili), hair bulb and papilla follicle, shaft
Follicle- outerdermic multilayer- fibrous tissue, vascular, innervated, dermal continuation
Inner epidermic- adheres to root, 2 strata- outer and inner root sheath
Shaft- scapus pili- medulla- inner, cortex-main, cuticle- single second layer

152
Q

arrector pili

A

muscle that controls hair movement

153
Q

age changes hair by…

A

50% of people grey by age 50 b/c loss of melanocytes, growth slows, baldness

154
Q

sebaceous oil glands

A

Cellular substance released through the complete cellular breakdown, most cells are cubodial

155
Q

sebum

A

oil, decreases as you get older, women see decline in menopause, high secretion in newborns

156
Q

sudoriferous sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

157
Q

eccrine glands

A

sweat, (merocrine)- secretion accumulates below cell surface then releases
Structure- deep part has coiled tubules in dermis, superficial duct goes from dermis to surface

158
Q

apocrine glands

A

sweat, special sweat gland that secretes part of cell with it, contains proteins and fats, axillary, anogential, mammary

159
Q

hypohidrosis

A

decline or absence of sweat production due to nerve damage: diabetes, alcohol, Parkinson

160
Q

gland of krasue

A

lacrimal gland in lamina propia-mucosa

161
Q

gland of zeis

A

sebaceous holocine gland at eyelash

162
Q

gland of moll

A

aprocrine sweat gland at base of lashes

163
Q

age related skin problems

A

dryness, roughness, wrinkling, decrease in elasticity, decline in protection, sensory, wound healing, epidermal junction flattens- decrease in surface area, melanocytes decrease, can lead to skin cancer, cell turnover rate decreases, basal dilation and constriction problems-blood flow, veins decrease-thermoregulation, decrease in collagen production, decrease in fat

164
Q

acne vulgaris

A

bacteria alters sebaceous oil on skin, causes acne

165
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

common skin cancer

166
Q

cold sores

A

herpes, affects 80 mil

167
Q

lipodystrophy

A

genetic disorder where fat tissue atrophies, look old

168
Q

melanoma

A

worst deadly skin cancer

169
Q

impetigo

A

bacterial infection, contagious, yellow scabs

170
Q

keratosis pilanis

A

blocked hair follicle

171
Q

psoriasis

A

inflammatory skin disease, dry patches, itchy

172
Q

vitiligo

A

loss of pigment in skin because melanocyte number is decreased

173
Q

shingles

A

varicella zoster virus, chicken pox reactivation of the virus in adulthood, painful

174
Q

argyria

A

blue skin bc of silver ingestion

175
Q

HPV

A

warts and claws

176
Q

Sectoral heterochromia

A

mosacism of iris

177
Q

dermatosraphia

A

overly sensitive skin

178
Q

blaschko’s lines

A

stripes on skin that follow langers lines

179
Q

arthrology

A

study of joints

180
Q

diarthorsis

A

freely movable

181
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable

182
Q

synarthosis

A

little or no movement

183
Q

fibrous joints

A

synostosis, synartrosis,Gap between 2 bones ossifies
- Can occur in fibrous or cartilaginous joints
o Frontal and mandibular bones in infants
o Cranial sutures un elderly
o First rib and sternum

184
Q

synarthrosis

A

fibrous joints- strong

  • Collagen fibers plan space between bones
  • Sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
185
Q

sutures

A

Sutures- immovable fibrous joints like the skull
• Serrated- interlocking lines: coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal
• Lap- overlapping beveled lines- temporal and parietal
• Plane- straight, no overlap- palatine processes of the maxilla

186
Q

gomphoses

A

attachment of tooth in socket by periodontal ligament, holds it in place

187
Q

syndesmosis

A

2 bonds bound by only ligament- intorosseous membrane

  • Most movable fibrous joint
  • Ex ulna and radius, fibula and tibia
188
Q

Amphiarthrodial joints

A

synchondroses and symphyses

189
Q

synchondroses

A

bones bound by hyaline cartilage, cartilaginous

  • Ex: epiphyseal plate- epiphysis and diaphysis in children (growth plate)
  • Ex: first rib and upper sternum (manubrium)
190
Q

symphysis

A

2 bones joined by fibrocartilage, very limited movement

- Ex: pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

191
Q

diarthrotic

A

synovial

192
Q

synovial

A

2 bones separated by joint cavity
Anatomy of synovial joints
• Articular capsule encloses joint cavity and is lined with synovial membrane with periosteum (CT)
• Has synovial fluid- viscous
• Articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage covers the joint surfaces at jaw, wrist, knee, sternoclavicular
• Has articular dics and menisci which absorbs shock and distributes forces

193
Q

ligament

A

bone to bone

194
Q

tendon

A

bone to muscle

195
Q

synovial membrane

A

2 layers: external and interal

  • External- fibrous connective tissue connect to periosteum & bone, innervated, slightly vascular
  • Internal- cellular, surface cells produces hyaluroinic acid & proteins that are part of synovial fluid
  • Fluid- supplies nutrients and removes wastes through diffusion
196
Q

synovial complex

A

cartilage and disks, cavity and capsule, synovial membrane and fluid

197
Q

bursae

A

pockets of synovial fluid, sac like; bursitis- inflammation of busae

198
Q

gliding joint ex

A

sternoclavicular, intercarpal

199
Q

hinge joint ex

A

knee, humeroulnar

200
Q

pivot joint ex

A

radioulnar

201
Q

ellipsoid/condyloid joint ex

A

metacarpalphalangeal

202
Q

saddle joint ex

A

trapeziometacarpal

203
Q

ball and socket joint ex

A

humeroscapular

204
Q

Ball and socket

A

smooth hemispherical

Head that fits into cuplike depression, mulitaxial

205
Q

condyloid

A

oval convex surface in similarly, biaxial

Shaped depression, similar to ball and socket

206
Q

atlantooccipital joint

A

joint between atlas and occipital bone

Has the largest amount of rotation in the spine

207
Q

Dens

A

on axis bone, protuberance, odontoid process

208
Q

alar ligament

A

rotation btwn C1 and C2

209
Q

gliding joint

A

flat surfaces where slides over

Limited monoaxial joint

210
Q

intervertebral joint articulations

A

Cushioned with intervertebral discs
-outer layer- annulus fibrosus band
-inner layer- nucleus pulposus jelly
Budgling disc-when annulus band breaks

211
Q

cervical are distinct because…

A

transverse foreman

212
Q

cruciform ligament

A

crossing ligament between occipital bone and atlas

213
Q

transverse ligament of atlas

A

keeps dens in position

214
Q

hinge joints

A
  • 1 convex surface in a concave depression, monoaxial, humeroulna, knee, monoaxial
    Pip and Dip- proximal interphalangeal joint and distal interphalageal joint
215
Q

saddle joints

A

biaxial, thumb joint, more movable than condyloid or hinge

216
Q

pivot joints

A

1 projection that fits into ring-like ligament ex. Atlantoatlas and proximal radioulnar. mono

217
Q

congruence

A

joint spacing, loose o r close packed

218
Q

synarthrosis have ____ flexibility and ____ stability

A

low, high

219
Q

diarthrosis have ____ flexibility and ____ stability

A

high, low

220
Q

amphiarthrosis have ____ flexibility and ____ stability

A

middle both

221
Q

knee is close packed and loose pack when

A

close- full extension

loose-semiflexion

222
Q

ankle is close and loose packed when

A

close- dorsiflexion

loose- neutral

223
Q

types of movement

A

gliding, angular, circular

224
Q

angular movements

A

flexion and extension- hyperextension, planar and dorsiflexion
abduction and adduction

225
Q

circular movements

A

rotation, pronation and supination, circumduction

226
Q

bulging disc

A

when annulus band breaks

227
Q

high congruence has…

A

high stability and low laxity

228
Q

low congruence has…

A

low stability and high laxity

229
Q

ligaments that holds vertebrae

A

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments and supraspinous ligaments

230
Q

Plane

A

Gliding

230
Q

Plane

A

Gliding

231
Q

Hinge

A

Ginglymus

232
Q

Trochiod

A

Pivot

233
Q

Saddle

A

Sellar

235
Q

Ball and socket

A

Enaphirodial

From Flashcardlet (34 decks)

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