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Mycology > Blood and Tissue Parasites (part II) > Flashcards

Blood and Tissue Parasites (part II) Flashcards

1
Q

Babesia species: List four species which are known human pathogens

A

Theileria (Babesia) microti
Babesia divergens
B.ducani
Babesia spp. MO-1

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2
Q

Most common Babesia specie which is found in the Northeast USA, Nantucket island.

A

Theileria (Babesia) microti

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3
Q

Babesia species: Distribution

A

World wide
Babesia divergens (mainly Europe)
B.ducani (western USA)
Babesia spp. MO-1 (Midwerstern USA)

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4
Q

Babesia species: Incidence of _____

A

babesiosis (US) (most cases in New England, Minnesota, and Wisconsin)

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5
Q

Babesia species: Epidemiology

A

Ticks bites (deer tick and brown dog tick) transmit the parasite to human or mouse hots

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6
Q

Babesia species: Host in natures

A

Use white footed mice and ticks as hosts

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7
Q

Babesia species: Transmission

A
  • Transmission has also occurred through blood transfusions!!!!! (2 cases in Indiana-both recipients died)
  • Vertical transmission (going from mom to baby)has also occurred
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8
Q

Babesia species: Infectious form

A

merozoite form; Maltese cross

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9
Q

Babesia species: Symptoms

A

most asymptomatic; having no spleen makes a person more prone to severe or fatal disease

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10
Q

Babesia species: Diagnosis thorugh microscope

A
  • Examination of a Giemsa or Wright -giemsa stained blood smear
  • Presence of ring form and characteristic merozoite in and outside of red cells; multiple rings and merozoites per cell
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11
Q

Babesia species: Two other methods used in diagnosis

A

IFA-for detection of antibodies to Bebesia species

Molecular method-real time PCR for species which can speciate the organisms

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12
Q

How can we distinguish Bebesia spp. from Plasmodium spp.?

A

Clinical and travel histories; Bebesia produces racket shaped merozoites; rings and merozoite are only seen in babesiosis; there are extracellular parasites seen in babesiosis

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13
Q

Plasmodium species: causative agents of ____

A

malaria

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14
Q

Plasmodium species: ____borne protoza

A

Mosquito

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15
Q

List five different species of Plasmodium that are known to cause malaria in humans

A

-P.falciparum, P. malariae, P.ovale, P.vivax, P. knowlesi. (first four most common)

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16
Q

Plasmodium species: distribution

A

Tropical and subtropical regions–mostly in Africa

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17
Q

Plasmodium species: incidence of _____

A

Malaria

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18
Q

Plasmodium species: complete life cycle requires two hots:_____ & _____

A

mosquitoes and humans

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19
Q

Plasmodium species: What type of mosquitoes found?

A

Anopheles species mosquitoes

20
Q

P.falciparum: Epidemiology and incidence

A

Widespread, globally; predominant cause

21
Q

P. malariae: Epidemiology and incidence

A

Widespread, globally; less frequently seen causes

22
Q

P. ovale: Epidemiology and incidence

A

predominately in sub-Saharan Africa, other areas also

23
Q

P.vivax: Epidemiology and incidence

A

wide range than P.ovale, and their niches overlap; second most predominant cause

24
Q

P.knowlesi: Epidemiology and incidence

A

Southeast Asia; very rare cause

25
Q

Plasmodium species: two types of cycles

A

Exo-erythrocytic (occurs in liver

Erythrocytic

26
Q

Plasmodium species: Important notes about P.ovale and P.vivax in life cycle.

A

They both can stay dormant in liver—> diseae can relapse weeks or years later.
RMR: with P.ovale and P.vivaz “IT’s not OVer!!

27
Q

Plasmodium species: symptoms

A
  • Blackwater fever: intravascular hemolysis, dark urine from Hgb; malaria caused by P.faciparum can be very dangerous!!
  • (fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches, joint aches, diarrhea, vomiting, neurologic change)
28
Q

Plasmodium species: Types of blood smears used for examination

A

-Examination of a Giemsa or Wright-Giemsa stained blood smears

29
Q

Plasmodium species: Things to look for when examining the stained blood smears.

A
  • Presence of ring forms, schizonts, gametocytes
  • Chuffner’s dots in P.ovale & P.vivax
  • Thin and thick smears should be looked at
30
Q

Plasmodium species: two other methods for diagnosis

A

Molecular methods-PCR and Antigen detection-lateral flow test

31
Q

Plasmodium species: microscopic exam can be fixed with _____.

A

Methanol-RBCs will not lyse

32
Q

Plasmodium species: microscopic exam- why do we not fixed with methanol?

A

You need the RBCs to lyse

33
Q

No Schuffner’s stippling

A

P.falciparum and P.malariae

34
Q

Infects normal sized or smaller than uninfected RBCs

A

P.falciparum

35
Q

Primarily ring forms seen in RBCs (applique form) and Multiple rings/RBCs, often hanging off the edges.

A

P.falciparum

36
Q

Gametocyte appearance of P.falciparum

A

Banana shaped

37
Q

infects normal to slightly larger RBCs

A

P.malariae

38
Q

May see band form trophozoites which looks like RBC is wearing a belt.

A

P.malariae

39
Q

No stippling and may have few Schizonts usually arranged in a rosette. And Gametocytes are round; may have dark brown pigment

A

P.malariae

40
Q

Infected RBCs larger than uninfected RBCs and RBCs are enlarged; many are fimbriated or round or oval

A

P.ovale

41
Q

Schuffner’s stippling present with granules are much larger and darker

A

P.ovale

42
Q

Schizont (RBC in which parasites are undergoing asexual reproduction) contains 6-14 merozoites

A

P.ovale

43
Q

Often infects larger sized RBCs than uninfected RBCs and Schuffner’s stippling present

A

P.vivax

44
Q

Schizont is larger and contains 12-24 merozoites

A

P.vivax

45
Q

Which organisms have growing trophs (rings), and gametocytes?

A

All plasmodium species

46
Q

Plasmodium species: Diagnosis through microscope

A
  • Must distinguish plasmodium spp from babesia spp

- p.knowlesi, looks very similar to P.falciparum-PCR can discriminate the two

47
Q

Plasmodium knowelsi and P.falciparum look very smiliar how can we differentiate?

A

PCR can discriminate the two

Mycology (24 decks)

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