34. More Things to Remember

Question 1

When does cum take an indicative verb? (2)

Answer 1

• When it means ‘whenever/as often as’ (circumstantial cum)
• In an inverted cum clause

Question 2

When cum means whenever/as often as, what tense of the indicative is used when there is reference to the future?

Answer 2

• Future perfect

Question 3

When cum means whenever/as often as, what tense of the indicative is used when there is reference to the present?

Answer 3

• Perfect

Question 4

When cum means whenever/as often as, what tense of the indicative is used when there is reference to the past?

Answer 4

• Pluperfect

Question 5

What is a causal clause?

Answer 5

A clause that indicated the reason why something happens - e.g because we are mortal, we shall die

Question 6

What is a causal clause introduced by? (3)

Answer 6

quod, quia or quoniam

Question 7

If quod is followed by the subjunctive in a causal clause, what does it mean instead of ‘because’?

Answer 7

It means on the grounds that, or allegedly (gives an alleged reason, not the definite reason)

Question 8

What construction is used in causal clauses to contrast a rejected reason with a true one?

Answer 8

non quod + subjunctive…sed quia + indicative

Question 9

What is a concessive clause?

Answer 9

• A clause which states what might have been expected to be a reason for something not to happen
• e.g although he had been seriously wounded, the messenger arrived before dawn

Question 10

What is a concessive clause usually introduced by? (3)

Answer 10

quamquam, etsi or etiam si

Question 11

Less commonly, a concessive clause dealing with a possibility uses what? (3) In effect, what type of sentence is this?

Answer 11

• quamvis, etsi or etiam si + subjunctive
• e.g although you may often try, you would never find the money.
• a future remote conditional sentence

Question 12

What word often comes after a concessive clause? How can it be translated?

Answer 12

• tamen
• still/nonetheless - although sometimes it’s better left out

Question 13

When does cum + subjunctive mean although?

Answer 13

• Determined by sense and context (the logic being even in a situation when) , but usually given away by tamen in the main clause

Question 14

What are the four types of cum clause? What does cum mean in each of these instances?

Answer 14

• Temporal - when
• Circumstantial - when
• Causal - since, because
• Concessive - although