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Biological Molecules Flashcards

0
Q

What are large molecules made from?

A 
Smaller molecules such as:
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose 
Proteins
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1
Q

What are complex sugars?

A

They consist of two or more simple sugars.

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2
Q

What are some equations of complex sugars?

A

Glucose + glucose -> maltose
Glucose + fructose -> sucrose
Glucose + galactose -> lactose

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3
Q

What are biological molecules?

A

They are molecules that have been made by living organisms.

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4
Q

Does a cell contain molecules?

A

Yes, it is made up of millions of molecules.

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5
Q

Which chemical elements make up lipids (fats and oils)

A

They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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6
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils

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7
Q

What chemical elements make up proteins?

A

They all contain, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and many contain sulphur

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8
Q

What chemical elements makes up carbohydrates?

A

They contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms

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9
Q

What do simple sugars consist of?

A

A single ring of carbon molecules

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11
Q

What do simple sugars consist of?

A

A single ring of carbon molecules.

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12
Q

What are the four main categories of biological molecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
DNA and RNA

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13
Q

What does the benedicts test test for?

A

Reducing sugars

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14
Q

What does the biuret test test for?

A

Protein

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15
Q

What does the iodine test test for?

A

Starch

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16
Q

What does the emulsion test test for?

A

Lipids

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17
Q

What does the DCPIP test test for?

A

Vitamin C

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18
Q

How does benedicts test work?

A

Add sample (with water if necessary) to test tube
Add equal amount of benedicts reagent
Heat mixture
If the mixture turns to green, yellow, brick-red, a reducing sugar is present

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19
Q

How does DCPIP work?

A

Add sample to test tube and add water if solid
Add drop of DCPIP to solution
If the colour disappears after mixing vitamin C is present

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20
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

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21
Q

How does the biuret test work?

A

Add the sample, dissolved in water if it needs to be
Add equal amount of biuret A (NaOH)
Add biuret B (CuSO4)
If the solution solution goes purple then protein is present if it doesn’t then there isn’t

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22
Q

What do different sequences of amino acids give?

A

Different shapes to protein molecules

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23
Q

How does the emulsion test?

A

Add liquid sample to test tube
Add 2cm^3 of ethanol and mix
Add 2cm^3 of water and mix
If a white emulsion appears lipids are present

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24
Q

What are some examples of complex sugars?

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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25
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

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26
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where the molecules needed for the reaction can bind

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28
Q

What do different shapes of amino acids mean?

A

They have different functions

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29
Q

What is a gene

A

A stretch of DNA

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30
Q

Are sugars soluble?

A

Yes and sweet tasting.

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31
Q

What happens if the active site has a different shape?

A

It can no longer bind these substrates

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32
Q

Is the shape of the amino acids important?

A

It is extremely important

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33
Q

What elements does a protein consist as?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms

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34
Q

How does the iodine test work?

A

Place the sample on dropper plate
Add a few drops of iodine
If the sample goes blue-black it contains starch

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35
Q

Describe DNA, it’s features and what it binds to

A

Two strands consisting of bases, coiled together to form a double helix
Cross-links between strands formed by pairs of bases and always paid up with A with T and C with G

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36
Q

What does a protein consist of?

A

A chain (chains) of amino acids

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38
Q

What ae complex carbohydrates used for?

A

A store for energy

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39
Q

What can proteins be?

A

Enzymes
Structural
Antibodies
Hormones

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40
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxymbrose nucleic acid

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41
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In every living cell that can divined (so not red blood cells)

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42
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

All the information needed to make every protein in every cell of an organism.

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43
Q

How is the information in DNA formed?

A

It is stored in the form of genes-stre he’s of DNA which have a particular sequence

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44
Q

What happens when different genes are activated?

A

A message is sent to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic.

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45
Q

What bases pair up with each other?

A

A:T
C:G

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46
Q

What is water sometimes called?

A

A universal solvent

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47
Q

What does each stand on DNA have?

A

A backbone and a sequence of nucleic bases

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48
Q

Why are enzymes important to our survival?

A

Millions of chemical reactions take place at any one time and millions of enzymes are catalysing these reactions. Without enzymes the reactions would happen but way too slowly.

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49
Q

What does the sequence of bases of DNA determine?

A

The sequence of amino acids in the protein

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50
Q

What does the sequence of bases determine?

A

The sequence of amino acids

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51
Q

Is water a biological molecule?

A

It isn’t but plays an essential role.

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52
Q

What is water capable of doing?

A

Dissolving many different molecules

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54
Q

What are the four different bases in DNA?

A

A, t, G and C

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54
Q

What can water do around the body?

A

It carries nutrients around the body (in blood or phloem) and waste our.
It also allows diffusion to occur in cells and allows reactions to occur.

55
Q

What are sugars used for?

A

They are used as an immediate energy source

56
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Something that speeds up a reaction without being used up or changed

57
Q

What would happen without water?

A

Life wouldn’t exist

58
Q

What does element mean?

A

Substance made from only one type of atom

59
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound.

60
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

They are proteins that function as biological catalysts

61
Q

How does enzyme action work?

A

“Lock and key” the substrate fits into the enzymes active site to form products. The substrate doesn’t fit into any other enzyme.

62
Q

How is the information stored in DNA ?

A

In the form of genes

63
Q

What is an atom?

A

They make up everything and they are the smallest thing in a chemical element that can exist.

64
Q

What are some examples of complex carbohydrates?

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

65
Q

What is an investigation to test temperature on enzyme activity?

A

Set up water baths of different temperatures
Add 2cm^3 of diatose in 5 test tubes in the water baths
Add 2cm^3 of starch in 5 other test tubes in the water baths
Leave them for five minutes and then combine them
Each minute take not of the solution in iodine

67
Q

How many times can enzymes be used as catalysts?

A

Multiple times

68
Q

What are enzymes influenced by?

A

pH and temperature

69
Q

What are enemies made of?

A

Long protein strands

71
Q

How do enzymes form shapes?

A

They fold into shapes which allow the substate to fit into the area of the active site

72
Q

What does complex carbohydrates consist of?

A

Hundreds or thousands of glucose molecules joined together

73
Q

Where does the reaction occur?

A

The active site

74
Q

How do you know if something is an enzyme?

A
  • Ase
75
Q

How do you know if something is a sugar?

A
  • one
76
Q

What are example of simple sugars?

A

Glucose, fructose and galaxtose

77
Q

How can you find out the Tate of reaction?

A

You look at either the amount of substrate that disappears in a certain time or the amount of product that appears.

78
Q

Why does changing the temperature change the rate of reaction?

A

If you increase the temperature the particles get more energy, this means they move more quickly.

79
Q

What temperature do enzymes work best in?

A

They have an optimum temperature, in humans it is 37 degrees

80
Q

What happens to the enzymes when the temperature gets above the optimum temperature?

A

The bonds which hold the enzyme together start to break and the shape of the enzyme changes and it no longer has an active site, it has been denatured.

81
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diet provides an adequate diet intake of all the nutrients your body requires

82
Q

How does age change dietary needs?

A

At a younger age children need more to help them grow, eg calcium, poor vitamin D in a diet leads to bad bones and can lead to rickets, where legs curve

83
Q

How does actives affect dietary needs

A

Someone who is more active will need more calories because they burn more and would need more.

84
Q

How does gender affect dietary needs?

A

A man needs more than a woman because they have more muscles and are naturally bigger.

85
Q

How does starvation work?

A

If a person gets less energy than they require for their BMR they may starve. Humans can go long without food but but long without water.

86
Q

What happens during starvation?

A

the body uses reserves of carbs and fats and proteins, including breaking muscle tissue

87
Q

What happens to BMR during starvation?

A

It drops as well

88
Q

What diseases can malnutrition cause?

A

Kwashiorkor

Marasmus

89
Q

What is constipation?

A

Fibre gives your digestion system something to work on. The aids of passage of food through of the alimentary canal. Without adequate fibre constipation may occur.

90
Q

Where is fibre found?

A

In fruits and vegetables

91
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

If you eat too much saturated fat it causes development of fatty deposits in the arteries, if this occurs then blood supply to the heart is reduced, this can lead to angina and a possible heart attack.

92
Q

What is obesity?

A

If your energy intake exceeds the energy you use, your body will convert this into excess fat around your organs.

93
Q

What foods lead to obesity?

A

Fatty, refined foods and social and emotional stress.

94
Q

What can obesity lead to?

A

Coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and arthritis

95
Q

Where are carbs found?

A

Starchy and sugary foods

96
Q

What are carbs used for?

A

Energy (immediate and storage)

97
Q

Where is vitamin C found?

A

Fruit and veg

98
Q

Why is vitamin C important?

A

Immune system and connective tissue

99
Q

What are the associated organs with the small intestine?

A

Duodenum and ileum

100
Q

Where is vitamin D found?

A

Animal protein, produces in body using sunlight

101
Q

What is vitamin C used for?

A

Ability to fix calcium to form bones

102
Q

Where are lipids found?

A

Plant oils, meat fish, dairy, nuts

103
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

Energy storage, insulation, cell membranes

104
Q

Where are proteins found?

A

Meat, fish, nuts, dairy and pulses

105
Q

What are protein used for?

A

Creation of new proteins, growth, repair

106
Q

Where is calcium found?

A

Meat, dairy, pulses

107
Q

What is calcium used for?

A

Bones

108
Q

Where is iron found?

A

Meat , leafy vegetables

109
Q

What is iron used for?

A

Production of haemoglobin

110
Q

Where is fibre found?

A

Vegetables, particularly leafy vegetables

111
Q

What is fibre used for?

A

Help digestive transit

112
Q

What can happen if you don’t get enough iron?

A

You can get anaemic

113
Q

What can happen if you don’t get enough vitamin D and too much energy and protein?

A

Kwashiorkor

Marasmus

114
Q

What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor?

A 
Swelling of abdomen and legs
Hunger belly
Sparse dry hair
Flaky skin
Fat accumulation
115
Q

What are the symptoms of marasmus?

A 
Children have a very low body mass
Very thin arms and legs
Very little muscle or fat
Wizened, old looking g
Face
116
Q

What are the treatments of kwashiorkor and marasmus?

A

Feeding should involve serving small quantities of food, because the pancreatic cells and intestine cells die so there are fewer digestive enzymes produced and the surface area of the gut is reduced for absorption.
Foods that have high protein content as well as a decent energy source need to be given to sufferers of the disease.

117
Q

How do you work out the BMI?

A

Height^2 (m)

118
Q

What are the organs in the human alimentary canal?

A 
The mouth
The stomach
The pancreas
The liver and gall bladder
The small intestine
The large intestine
118
Q

What is the human alimentary canal?

A

The digestive system it consists of a bunch of organs that work together to break up food into smaller compounds

119
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking of substances into the body through the mouth.

119
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Breakdown of food into smaller molecules without chemical change to the molecules

119
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Breakdown of large insoluble molecules to small soluble molecules.

119
Q

What is absorption?

A

Movement of small food molecules and ions through the intestine wall to the blood

119
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used.

120
Q

What are the associated organs with the large intestine?

A

Colon, rectum, anus

121
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule made up out of a large number. Of small subunits
Starch is a polymer of glucose

122
Q

What are some example les of simple sugar?

A

Starch
Fructose
Glycogen

123
Q

What are some examples of complex carbohydrates?

A

Starch, cellulose

124
Q

What are some examples of complex sugars?

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

125
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

A glycerol head

A fatty acid tail

126
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

It is present in virtually every cell

127
Q

What does DNA carry?

A

All the genes (translated into protein by the ribosomes)

128
Q

What does each strand have?

A

Each strand is twisted together to form a double helix

Each strand which has a backbone which forms the outside of the helix and bases sticking into the inside

Biology (18 decks)

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