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Psych 223 > Chapter 11: The Self, Identity and Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Self, Identity and Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “self”?

A

All of the characteristics of a person.

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2
Q

What is “identity”?

A

Who a person is, representing a synthesis and integration of self-understanding.

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3
Q

What is “personality”?

A

Enduring personal characteristics of an individual. Encompasses self and identity.

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4
Q

When do signs of self-recognition occur in infants? What technique is used to determine this?

A

15-18 months. The mirror technique is used: increased touching means infant recognizes itself.

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5
Q

Why do children have an inflated, overconfident sense of self?

A

Because they lack the ability to compare themselves to their peers, and thus positive reinforcement from caregivers exaggerates their concept of their own skills.

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6
Q

How does a child’s self-understanding become more complex during mid-late childhood?

A

Their self-understanding becomes more realistic in terms of psychological traits and characteristics, social descriptions and comparisons, and the concept of real self vs. ideal self.

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7
Q

What is perspective-taking?

A

The ability to assume another person’s perspective and understand his or her thoughts and feelings. It improves the likelihood of empathizing with others in times of distress.

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8
Q

Why does self-awareness become more important in adulthood?

A

Individuals can benefit from being aware of their strengths and addressing their weaknesses and act/plan appropriately.

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9
Q

Why do adults in their 20’s have so many possible selves?

A

While not all are realistic, the individual hasn’t yet committed to investing their time in particular domains and following a certain path. There are many possible career, relationship and family paths that their lives can take.

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10
Q

What is self-esteem? (self-worth, self-image)

A

Global evaluations of the self.

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11
Q

What are self-concepts?

A

Domain-specific evaluations of the self.

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12
Q

What is low self-esteem in adolescence associated with?

A

Low self-esteem later in life, obesity, anxiety, delinquency and suicidal tendencies.

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13
Q

Is self-esteem typically higher in men or women?

A

Men.

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14
Q

When does self-esteem drop?

A

In adolescence, 70’s-80’s.

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15
Q

When does self-esteem rise?

A

In 20’s, 50’s-60’s.

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16
Q

How do older adults manage to maintain a fairly positive outlook, despite an increase in losses?

A

They tend to not interpret their losses as negatively, learn to control their emotions better, and compare themselves with other older adults.

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17
Q

What is repressive coping?

A

Avoiding the stressor rather than dealing with it.

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18
Q

What is rational coping?

A

Acknowledging the stressor and working towards a solution.

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19
Q

At 12-18 months, how do infants determine which behaviours are acceptable?

A

They rely on signals from caregivers.

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20
Q

At 2-3 years, how do infants determine which behaviours are acceptable?

A

They are capable of complying with caregiver’s expectations when they are not present or monitoring the situation.

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21
Q

How does prefrontal cortex development affect a child’s behaviour?

A

In early childhood, they have difficulty self-regulating behaviour. In mid-late childhood, their capacity increases and they achieve greater social competence. They have advanced cognitive skills, increased introspection, and greater independence.

22
Q

What is the selective optimization with compensation theory?

A

The theory that successful aging is related to those three factors.
Selection: Decide with domains are most important to you
Optimization: Maintain your skills in those domains through perseverance and practice.
Compensation: Using techniques to keep up with tasks that are too mentally or physically challenging.

23
Q

As they age, do adults place more dependence on biology or culture?

A

Culture.

24
Q

Which stage of Erikson’s theory is characterized by adolescents trying to decide who they are and where they are going in life?

A

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

25
Q

What is the term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experience as part of their identity exploration?

A

Psycosocial moratorium

26
Q

What are the two factors of identity status?

A

Crisis: a time when an individual explores alternatives
Commitment: personal investment in an identity

27
Q

Which identity status is characterized by being overwhelmed by decisions during crisis, and therefore deciding not to commit?

A

Identity diffusion

28
Q

Which identity status is characterized by adopting an identity based on caregiver expectations, not having explored the possibilities for themselves?

A

Identity foreclosure

29
Q

Which identity status is characterized by a lack of commitment to one path, but an exploration of possibilities?

A

Identity moratorium

30
Q

Which identity status is characterized by a high degree of commitment?

A

Identity achievement

31
Q

What are “MAMA cycles”? What is the significance?

A

Switching between moratorium and achievement continuously. This signifies that identity may not remain stable throughout the lifespan.

32
Q

Family atmosphere promotes individuality. What is this?

A

Self-assertion and separateness. The ability to articulate your own uniqueness.

33
Q

Family atmosphere promotes connectedness. What is this?

A

Mutuality and permeability. The ability to respect divergent perspectives and be open to others’ views.

34
Q

Why do ethnic minority groups struggle to find identity?

A

It’s difficult to decide how much you want to identify with your cultural background vs. the dominant culture of where you live.

35
Q

What is ethnic identity?

A

A sense of membership in a particular ethnic group.

36
Q

What are trait theories?

A

Theories emphasizing that personality consists of traits, which tend to produce characteristic responses.

37
Q

What are the Big 5 factors of personality?

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

*think: OCEAN

38
Q

What does Levinson discuss in his book, Seasons of a Man’s Life?

A

In the 20’s, men establish dreams.
In the 30’s, men focus on family and career development.
In the 40’s, men establish a stable career.

39
Q

Around what age do men come to grips with the following conflicts, and sometimes experience a mid-life crisis?

  • Being young vs. being old
  • Being destructive vs. being constructive
  • Being masculine vs. being feminine
  • Being attached to others vs. being separated
A

40-45 years.

40
Q

What does Vaillant believe about mid-life crises?

A

That only a minority of adults actually experience them.

41
Q

How many mid-life crisis cases are triggered by life events such as job loss, financial problems, or illness?

A

1 in 3

42
Q

What approach emphasizes that how a life event influences development depends not only on the event but also on mediating factors, adaptation to the life event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context?

A

Contemporary life events approach.

43
Q

Explain generativity vs. stagnation.

A

Generativity is an adult’s desire to leave a legacy behind for the next generation, while stagnation is the feeling that a person has contributed nothing.

44
Q

What are 4 different kinds of generativity?

A

Biological: conceiving and giving birth to children.

Parental: providing nurturance and guidance to children.

Work: developing skills to be passed down to the next generation.

Culture: creating, renovating or conserving an aspect of their culture.

45
Q

Which of the Big 5 factors of personality continues to grow into late adulthood?

A

Conscientiousness.

46
Q

What is the Berkeley Longitudinal Study?

A

It examined individual’s personality characteristics through life and determined that:
MOST STABLE: intellectually orientated, self-confident, and open to new experiences.
MOST CHANGED: nurturing, hostile, and self-controlled

47
Q

What are the Helson’s Mills College Studies?

A

A longitudinal study of women, either career- or family-oriented, or neither. Determined that commitment to tasks early in adulthood helped with positive personality skills later on.

48
Q

What are the categories in George Vaillant’s Studies?

A

happy-well, sad-sick and dead.

49
Q

What are the best predictors of a happy-well adult?

A

Exercise, normal BMI, education, stable marriage, future-oriented, thankful and forgiving, empathy, coping skills

50
Q

What is the cumulative personality model?

A

With time and age, people become better at interacting with their environment to promote personality stability.

Psych 223 (16 decks)

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