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Psych 223 > Chapter 15: Peers and the Sociocultural World > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Peers and the Sociocultural World Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to children who are rejected by their peers?

A

They tend to be lonely, hostile and have more likelihood of future mental health and criminal offences.

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2
Q

What do preschoolers value in their friendships?

A

Shared toys and activities

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3
Q

What do primary school children value in their friendships?

A

Shared experiences and fun

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4
Q

What do late childhood/adolescents value in their friendships?

A

Friend’s traits, trust, communication and intimacy

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5
Q

What areas do parents have more control over than peers?

A

Morality, religion, education

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6
Q

Are children with high emotionality more or less likely to have negative relationships with peers?

A

More likely

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7
Q

Children prefer same-sex playmates by what age?

A

3 years

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8
Q

Do boys or girls tend to associate in larger groups?

A

Boys

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9
Q

As children enter elementary, ____ becomes especially important in peer exchanges.

A

reciprocity

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10
Q

At 2 years, __% of time is spent in social interaction with peers. By mid-late childhood, __% of time is spent.

A

10%, 30%

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11
Q

What does Dodge argue about social processing?

A

Children go through 6 steps.

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12
Q

What is step 1 of Dodge’s theory?

A

Attending to social cues

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13
Q

What is step 2 of Dodge’s theory?

A

Attribute intent

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14
Q

What is step 3 of Dodge’s theory?

A

Generate goals

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15
Q

What is step 4 of Dodge’s theory?

A

Access behavioural scripts from memory

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16
Q

What is step 5 of Dodge’s theory?

A

Make decisions

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17
Q

What is step 6 of Dodge’s theory?

A

Enact behaviour

18
Q

How many peer statuses do developmental researchers argue exist?

A
  1. Popular, average, neglected, rejected and controversial
19
Q

Nearly / of middle school students report occasional or frequent involvement in bullying (either victim or perpetrator)

A

1/3

20
Q

Nearly / of middle school students report occasional or frequent involvement in bullying (either victim or perpetrator)

A

1/3

21
Q

__-__% of bullying takes place between individuals in the same classroom.

A

70-80%

22
Q

In a study where children were classified as bullies, bully-victims, victims or prosocial children, they differed in terms of their ____ ____ and ____ ____.

A

Perspective taking, moral motivation

23
Q

What grades are the peak of conformity?

A

8th and 9th grade

24
Q

What is a clique?

A

Small group of 2-12 people with members of same age and sex that engage in similar activities.

25
Q

What is a crowd?

A

Larger than a clique, membership is based on reputation. They often do not spend much time together, and they are defined by the activities they engage in.

26
Q

Companionship, stimulation, ego support, social comparison and affection/intimacy are examples of what?

A

Functions of friendship.

27
Q

What do men expect in friendships?

A

Maintaining distance while exchanging large amounts of practical information. Spending time in shared activities.

28
Q

What do women expect in friendships?

A

Good listening skills, sympathetic responses and time spent talking.

29
Q

Why do women often seek out men as friends?

A

In hopes of receiving pragmatic, logical responses to emotional problems.

30
Q

Who has been the most influential theorist of adolescent friendships?

A

Sullivan.

31
Q

Are friendships or family relationships better predictors of mental health in adults over 60?

A

Friendships

32
Q

What is the disengagement theory of aging?

A

In order to cope effectively, older adults should gradually withdraw from society.

33
Q

What is the activity theory of aging?

A

When older adults are more active and involved, they are more likely to be satisfied with their lives. Research supports this theory.

34
Q

What is ageism?

A

Prejudice against others because of their age. Often expressed through disrespect and assumptions of ailment/frailty.

35
Q

Older adults report being __ (more/less) lonely than younger adults.

A

Less

36
Q

Activity, challenging cognitive activities, compensating for losses and maximizing self-efficacy and optimism are examples of what?

A

Factors associated with successful aging.

37
Q

_____ is common across all cultures.

A

Ethnocentrism

38
Q

What are the positive and negative effects of television on development?

A

Positive: motivating education programs, increasing world knowledge beyond immediate environment, providing models of prosocial behaviour.
Negative: passive learning, distraction from homework, stereotypical views, violent models of aggression, unrealistic world views.

39
Q

After what age does media become an effective educational tool?

A

3 years.

40
Q

Canada has a child poverty rate of __%. United States has a rate of __%. Sweden has a rate of __%.

A

9%, 20%, 2%

Psych 223 (16 decks)

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