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Psych 223 > Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality Flashcards

1
Q

What is gender?

A

The characteristics of people as male and female.

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2
Q

What is gender identity? At what age does it emerge?

A

Knowledge, understanding and acceptance of one’s own gender. 2 years old.

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3
Q

What are gender roles?

A

Explanations and expectations about how males and females should act.

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4
Q

What is gender-typing?

A

Acquiring traditional masculine or feminine roles.

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5
Q

Why does sex-typed behaviour increase during preschool years?

A

Because of gender-oriented toys.

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6
Q

What are estrogens?

A

A class of sex hormones that influence female physical sex characteristics and help regulate menstrual cycle.

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7
Q

What are androgens? What is the most important androgen?

A

A class of sex hormones that promote development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone.

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8
Q

What is congentital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

When the adrenal glands enlarge, producing more androgens. This cause females to have genitals that are in-between genders.

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9
Q

What is a typical characteristic of androgen-insensitive males?

A

Attraction to other males.

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10
Q

What is a pelvic field defect?

A

Abdominal organs are typically exposed. Boys are castrated and reared as girls, but often adopt a male identity.

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11
Q

What is a major reason for sexual reassignment at a young age?

A

Circumcision gone wrong, loss of the penis.

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12
Q

What is Eagly’s social role theory?

A

Psychological gender differences are caused by the contrasting social roles of women and men.

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13
Q

What is the psychoanalytic theory of gender?

A

Stemming from Freud’s view that children are attracted to the opposite-sex parent until age 5, children retract those feelings due to anxiety and identify with the same-sex parent.

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14
Q

What is the social cognitive theory of gender?

A

Reinforcement, rewards and punishments shape gender-appropriate behaviour. Children learn through observation and imitation.

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15
Q

How does the role of the father change when he has a son rather than a daughter?

A

Fathers tend to be more involved with sons, and are less likely to divorce.

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16
Q

What are a mother’s socialization strategies?

A

Mothers tend to restrict the daughter’s autonomy and stress obediency and responsibility more than with sons.

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17
Q

What are a father’s socialization strategies?

A

Fathers pay more attention to sons and encourage intellectual development.

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18
Q

Why do children tend to spend time with same-sex peers?

A

Because of gender-based play. Boys tend to be more physical and aggressive, while girls tend to be calmer.

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19
Q

How are schools biased against boys?

A

Most teachers are female, boys are more likely to have a learning disorder, boys are more likely to be criticized by teachers, and they will more likely be stereotyped as “problematic.”

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20
Q

How are schools biased against girls?

A

Teachers spend more time interacting with boys, boys are given more help when struggling, girls have more pressure on their self-esteem, despite entering elementary school with similar levels to boys.

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21
Q

What is gender-schema theory?

A

A child slowly develops their idea of what is gender-appropriate in their culture.

22
Q

What are some biological gender differences between men and women?

A

In men, the part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behaviour is larger, also the area of the parietal lobe involved in visuospatial skills.

Areas of the brain involved in emotional expression show more expression in females.

23
Q

Which gender has a larger brain?

A

Male brains are 10% larger, but female brains have more folds. There have been no gender differences found in overall intellectual ability.

24
Q

How do aggression displays differ between men and women?

A

Men tend to use physical aggression, while women tend to use relational aggression.

25
Q

What is the gender intensification hypothesis?

A

The view that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence because of pressures to conform to traditional gender roles.

26
Q

Why is rapport vs. report talk a major cause of divorce?

A

Because while women want to talk about emotions and develop relationships, men are more interested in relaying information. This makes communication difficult within couples.

27
Q

Which view involves the problem that men’s roles are associated with worse health and difficulty with male-male and male-female relationships?

A

Pleck’s role-strain view.

28
Q

What are sexual scripts?

A

Stereotyped patterns of expectations for sexual behaviour.

29
Q

What is the traditional religious sexual script?

A

That sex is only acceptable between married couples.

30
Q

What is the romantic sexual script?

A

That sex is synonymous with love.

31
Q

What percentage of men/women (aged 25-44) have engaged in vaginal intercourse?

A

97% of men, 98% of women.

32
Q

What percentage of men/women (aged 25-44) have had oral sex with an opposite-sex partner?

A

90% of men, 89% of women.

33
Q

What percentage of men/women (aged 25-44) have engaged in anal sex with an opposite-sex partner?

A

44% of men, 36% of women.

34
Q

What percentage of men/women (aged 25-44) have had at least 21 sexual partners?

A

17% of men, 3% of women.

35
Q

What are the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections contracted primarily through sex?

A

Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia, AIDS, genital herpes, genital warts.

36
Q

What is HIV?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus. It breaks down and overpowers the immune system, leading to AIDS.

37
Q

What is the most frequent AIDS transmission category?

A

Male-male sexual contact. Likely due to a greater number of sexual partners and the fact that contraceptive use goes down without a risk of pregnancy.

38
Q

What characteristics do male rapists share?

A

Agression, power, masculinity, a sense of entitlement and low social empathy.

39
Q

What factors can influence the success of a rape victim’s recovery?

A

The victim’s coping abilities, psychological well-being before the assault, and social support systems.

40
Q

At what age do infants begin to manually stimulate their own genitals?

A

Age 2-6.

41
Q

Is it normal for toddlers to engage in sexual play?

A

Yes. They will often exhibit and inspect their genital areas due to curiosity and pleasure.

42
Q

When do children gain curiosity about how babies are produced?

A

Around the elementary school years.

43
Q

What are some challenges faced by researchers when attempting to examine adolescent sexuality?

A

Adolescents may misreport, unwilling to admit to certain sexual behaviours. Cultural gender biases, like the taboo against female masturbation, may also influence their answers.

There are also problems with operationalization, not having clear and universal definitions.

44
Q

Why is there a difference in the reported cases of masturbation between men and women?

A

A higher level of testosterone is linked to masturbation, and stigmatization against female masturbation may result in a reporting bias.

45
Q

Why does adolescent sexual behaviour have a potential for negative consequences regarding sexual health?

A

Some adolescents are not emotionally prepared to handle sexual experiences and their consequences. It is also linked with risky behaviours.

46
Q

What do sexual activity in adolescence, no high school diploma, a lack of religiosity, and alcohol use predict?

A

Risky sexual behaviour.

47
Q

What is the average age of marriage for males and females in the US?

A

28 for males, 26 for females.

48
Q

Why does sexual activity occur less frequently in middle adulthood?

A

Increased commitments, decreased energy levels, and sexual problems (ie. erectile dysfunction, lack of sexual interest).

49
Q

What term is used to describe the midlife transition during which fertility declines?

A

Climacteric

50
Q

When can menopause occur?

A

Age 39 - 59

51
Q

What is perimenopause? How long does it last?

A

The transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all, which often takes up to 10 years.

Psych 223 (16 decks)

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