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Psych 223 > Chapter 1 & 2: Intro/Biological Beginnings > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2: Intro/Biological Beginnings Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “traditional view” of development? What does it focus on?

A

There is considerable change from birth to adolescence, and little change throughout adulthood. The focus is on children.

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2
Q

What is the “lifespan view” of development?

A

There is a focus on all ages and the entire transition from birth to death.

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3
Q

What age is currently considered the maximum human life expectancy?

A

122 years.

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4
Q

What is the current average life expectancy in the US?

A

78 years.

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5
Q

Who is Paul Baltes?

A

A lifespan development expert.

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of the lifespan perspective?

A

Lifelong, Multidimensional, Multidirectional, Plastic, Multidisciplinary, Contextual.

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7
Q

What are the three main focuses of the lifespan perspective?

A

Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of Loss.

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8
Q

What are normative age-graded influences?

A

Experiences that are similar for people in the same age group.

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9
Q

What are normative history-graded influences?

A

Experiences that are common to people in specific cohorts/particular generations due to historical circumstances.

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10
Q

What are non-normative life events?

A

Unusual, impacting individual experiences that are not shared with others.

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11
Q

What are some contemporary concerns in lifespan development?

A

Health and well-being, parenting and education

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12
Q

Which three processes make up the nature of development?

A

Biological, Cognitive and Socioemotional.

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13
Q

Are older adults more or less satisfied than younger adults?

A

More satisfied.

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14
Q

What are the ideas behind “Nature and Nurture”?

A

The effects of biological inheritance and environmental experiences on development.

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15
Q

What are the ideas between “Stability and Change”?

A

How much early experiences affect development and whether the results can be altered later in life. Genetic material remains stable, but environmental changes provide plasticity.

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16
Q

What are the ideas between “Continuity and Discontinuity?”

A

Whether development changes happen in stages, gradually or cumulatively.

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17
Q

What is Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development?

A

Adult personality is shaped by how we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure and demands of reality at each stage.

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18
Q

When is the Oral stage of psychosexual development? What are the fixation characteristics?

A

Birth - 18 months. Without oral satisfaction, the individual will become gullible, passive, and dependent.

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19
Q

When is the Anal stage of psychosexual development? What are the fixation characteristics?

A

18 months - 3 years. Without defecation satisfaction, the individual will become anal-retentive or anal-expulsive.

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20
Q

When is the Phallic stage of psychosexual development? What are the fixation characteristics?

A

3 - 6 years. Without genital satisfaction, the individual will become flirtatious, vain, jealous and competitive.

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21
Q

When is the Latency stage of psychosexual development?

A

6 years - puberty. At this stage, impulses are repressed.

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22
Q

When is the Genital stage of psychosexual development? What are the fixation characteristics?

A

Puberty on. Without genital satisfaction, the individual will have difficulty forming healthy relationships.

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23
Q

How did neo-Freudians alter Freud’s psychosexual theory?

A

They didn’t place such an important role on sexuality.

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24
Q

What is the Oedipus Complex?

A

Young males are attracted to their mothers, and fear/are jealous of their fathers.

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25
Q

What is the Electra Complex?

A

Young females are attracted to their fathers, and fear/are jealous of their mothers.

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26
Q

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

A

He focused on social and cultural aspects of development throughout the lifetime.

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27
Q

In which stage does a child develop a sense of security? At what age?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust, 1 year.

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28
Q

In which stage does a child develop a sense of independence? At what age?

A

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt, 1 - 3 years.

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29
Q

In which stage does a child find balance between spontaneity and restraint? At what age?

A

Initiative vs. Guilt, 3 - 5 years.

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30
Q

In which stage does a child develop self-confidence? At what age?

A

Industry vs. Inferiority. 6 years - puberty.

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31
Q

According to Erikson, what conflict is addressed in adolescence?

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion. If successful, sense of self is unified.

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32
Q

According to Erikson, what conflict is addressed in early adulthood?

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation. If successful, have an ability to form successful personal relationships.

33
Q

According to Erikson, what conflict is addressed in middle adulthood?

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation. If successful, promote the well-being of others.

34
Q

According to Erikson, what conflict is addressed in late adulthood?

A

Integrity vs. Despair. If successful, enjoy a sense of satisfaction while reflecting on how life was lived.

35
Q

What are three important theories of development?

A

Piaget’s cognitive development theory
Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory
Information Processing Theory

36
Q

What is Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A

Children actively construct their understanding of the world in an adaptive manner. They organize and connect ideas. Development happens in stages.

37
Q

Which of Piaget’s stages is from birth - 2 years?

A

Sensorimotor Stage. Infant gains the understanding that it can act purposefully upon his environment.

38
Q

Which of Piaget’s stages is from 2 - 7 years?

A

Preoperational Stage. Childis able to represent the world with words and images, but does not yet have complete operational processing yet.

39
Q

Which of Piaget’s stages is from 7 - 11 years?

A

Concrete Operational Stage. Child gains ability to reason logically about concrete events.

40
Q

Which of Piaget’s stages is from 11 years - adulthood?

A

Formal Operational Stage. Adolescent is capable of abstract thought.

41
Q

What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory?

A

Culture and social interaction play a large role in development. Children learn strategies from more skilled peers and adults. Development is gradual.

42
Q

What does the Information Processing theory emphasize?

A

Individuals manipulate information, monitor it and then strategize with it. Development is gradual.

43
Q

What is Skinner’s operant conditioning theory?

A

The consequences of behaviours affect the probability of the behaviour reoccurring. Rewards and punishments shape behaviour.

44
Q

What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?

A

Children learn from observation and imitation.

45
Q

What did Lorenz study?

A

He studied geese and learned about how they imprint.

46
Q

What did Bowlby study?

A

How caregiver attachment in early childhood predicts the security of development later on.

47
Q

Which theorist created the ecological theory, with the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem?

A

Bronfenbrenner.

48
Q

Which ecological system focuses on culture?

A

Macrosystem.

49
Q

Which ecological system focuses on the passage of time?

A

Chronosystem

50
Q

Which syndrome is characterized by an extra chromosome and intellectual disability and physical abnormalities?

A

Down Syndrome

51
Q

Which syndrome is characterized by an extra X chromosome and physical abnormalities?

A

Kleinfelter Syndrome (XXY)

52
Q

Which syndrome is characterized by an abnormality in the X chromosome and causes intellectual/learning disabilities and short attention span?

A

Fragile X Syndrome

53
Q

Which syndrome is characterized by a missing X chromosome in females and causes intellectual disbility and sexual underdevelopment?

A

Turner Syndrome (XO)

54
Q

Which syndrome is characterized by an extra X chromosome and causes above-average height?

A

XYY Syndrome

55
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production – breathing and digestion are hampered.

56
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Lack of insulin production, causes abnormal sugar metabolism.

57
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Delayed blood clotting that causes internal/external bleeding.

58
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

CNS deterioration, producing problems w/ muscle coordination and mental deteroriation.

59
Q

What is PKU (phenykletonuria)?

A

Metabolic disorder that can cause intellectual disability.

60
Q

What is sickle-cell anemia?

A

Blood disorder that limits oxygen supply.

61
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Lower neural tube disorder that causes brain/spine abnormalities.

62
Q

What is Tay Sachs disease?

A

Deceleration of mental/physical development caused by accumulation of lipids in the NS.

63
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

When the head of the neural tube fails to close.

64
Q

What is the germinal period of prenatal development?

A

First 2 weeks after conception.

65
Q

What is the embryonic period of prenatal devel.? What develops during this time?

A

2-8 weeks after conception. Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm

66
Q

What is the fetal period of development?

A

Last 7 months until birth – growth and development of lungs and organs

67
Q

Which layer of the body develops into the neural tube?

A

Ectoderm

68
Q

What should mothers do to prevent neural tube disorders in their children?

A

Consume lots of folic acid.

69
Q

What is ultrasound sonography?

A

Noninvasive procedure using sound waves to create a visual representation of the fetus.

70
Q

What is a fetal MRI?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging – uses powerful magnet to create a detailed image of organs/structures

71
Q

What is chorionic villi sampling?

A

Tiny tissue sample removed from placenta and analyzed

72
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A

Sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn with a syringe

73
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Any substance/agent that could be toxic or harmful to a fetus.

74
Q

What is analgesia?

A

Drug used to relieve pain

75
Q

What is anesthesia?

A

A numbing drug used for epidurals.

76
Q

When might a doctor recommend the use of oxytocin for a pregnant woman?

A

When it is 7-10 days past the due date – synthetic hormones stimulates contractions

77
Q

What does the Apgar scale assess?

A

The health of a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

78
Q

What is Postpartum Depression and how common is it?

A

Major depressive episode that occurs about 4 weeks after delivery, 10-15% of mothers experience it.

Psych 223 (16 decks)

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