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Psych 223 > Chapter 6: Cognitive Development Approaches > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Cognitive Development Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Which psychologist developed the cognitive-developmental theory?

A

Piaget

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2
Q

What are the three processes of cognitive development that explain the transition from built-in schemes to complex mental schemes?

A

Assimilation, Accommodation, Equilibriation

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3
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Using schemes to make sense of past events/experiences

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4
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Changing a scheme in reaction to new information

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5
Q

What is equilibriation?

A

Balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that suit the environment.

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6
Q

When/what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

Birth - 2 years. Children use sensory and motor skills to act upon the world.

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7
Q

When/what is the preoperational stage?

A

2-7 years. Children acquire symbolic schemes and use them to think and communicate.

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8
Q

When/what is the concrete operational stage?

A

7-11 years. Children begin to think logically to solve problems.

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9
Q

When/what is the formal operational stage?

A

11+ years. Children learn to think logically about abstract ideas.

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10
Q

What is substage 1 of the sensorimotor stage?

A

0-1 months. Use of built in schemes (reflexes)

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11
Q

What is substage 2 of the sensorimotor stage?

A

1-4 months. Use of primary circular reactions – simple, repetitive, organized around the infant’s body

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12
Q

What is substage 3 of the sensorimotor stage?

A

4-8 months. Use of secondary circular reactions – repeating actions to trigger reactions outside of the body

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13
Q

What is substage 4 of the sensorimotor stage?

A

8-12 months. Coordination of secondary schemes and understanding of causal connections, using means-end behaviour.

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14
Q

What is substage 5 of the sensorimotor stage?

A

12-18 months. Tertiary circular reactions. Behaviour becomes purposeful and experimental with slight alterations from the repetition.

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15
Q

What is substage 6 of the sensorimotor stage?

A

18-24 months. Beginning of mental representation. Symbols can be used to represent objects/events.

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16
Q

At what age do infants begin developing object permanence?

A

2 months.

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17
Q

At what age does object permanence become robust?

A

8-12 months.

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18
Q

At what age do infants begin to imitate facial expressions?

A

8-12 months.

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19
Q

What is deferred imitation and when does it begin?

A

Imitating an action significantly after it is observed. 18-24 months.

20
Q

What is a major criticism of Piaget’s understanding of object permanence?

A

Children don’t gain the ability to grasp objects until 7-8 months. Researchers argue that we should track eye movements instead, and this shows signs of object permanence as early as 4 months.

21
Q

What is an example of sensorimotor play? When does it occur?

A

Shaking blocks and putting them in their mouths. 1 year.

22
Q

What is an example of constructive play? When does it occur?

A

Stacking blocks on top of one another. 2 years.

23
Q

What is an example of first pretend play? When does it occur?

A

Drinking from an empty teacup. 15-21 months.

24
Q

What is an example of substitute pretend play? When does it occur?

A

Using a broomstick to pretend it’s a horse. 2-3 years.

25
Q

What is an example of sociodramatic play? When does it occur?

A

Taking on a role while playing “House” and sticking to it. 3-4 years.

26
Q

What is rule governed play? When does it occur?

A

Developing rules and sticking to them. 5-6 years.

27
Q

What is centration? When does it occur?

A

The tendency in the preoperational stage to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other. Example: seeing a leaf blow in the wind, assuming it’s alive.

28
Q

What is the identity component of conservation?

A

Things remain the same if nothing is added or taken away.

29
Q

What is the compensation component of conservation?

A

Changes in one dimension can be offset by changes in another.

30
Q

What is the reversibility component of conservation?

A

A change can be cancelled out by mentally reversing the steps and tracing back to the origin.

31
Q

Across development, there is a robust increase in _____ in the _____ stream.

A

Myelination, dorsal

32
Q

What is abstract thinking?

A

Using symbols, ideas and concepts, not experienced directly through the senses.

33
Q

What is complex thinking?

A

Taking into account many different connections or perspectives.

34
Q

What is metacognition?

A

Thinking about your own thinking.

35
Q

Whose view of egocentrism is based on Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable?

A

Elkind

36
Q

What is “imaginary audience”?

A

The adolescent’s belief that he/she is alone on a “stage”, being judged by others

37
Q

What is “personal fable”?

A

The adolescent’s belief that he/she is special, unique and invulnerable, like the main character in a story.

38
Q

What is postformal thought?

A

A possible stage that follows the formal operational stage. Thought to be more flexible, logical, willing to accept moral and intellectual complexities, and dialectical than previous stages. The existence of this stage is debated.

39
Q

Who developed the sociocultural theory of development and what was its premise?

A

Vygotsky – social interaction is critically important in building cognitive skills.

40
Q

What is the major difference between Piaget and Vygotsky’s theories?

A

Piaget focused on interaction with the environment, while Vygotsky focused on interaction with other people.

41
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

Learning new skills with guidance from someone who is more knowledgeable in that domain.

42
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

A range of tasks that an individual cannot complete alone, but that can be accomplished with scaffolding.

43
Q

What is the primitive stage of cognitive development?

A

Child learns primarily through conditioning until langauge develops.

44
Q

What is the naive psychology stage of cognitive development?

A

Child learns to use language to communicate, but does not fully understand the symbolic value or arbitrary nature of langauge.

45
Q

What is the egocentric speech stage of cognitive development?

A

Child uses language to problem solve, overly articulating their thoughts out loud.

46
Q

What is the ingrowth stage of cognitive development?

A

Child learns to internalize these speech patterns.

Psych 223 (16 decks)

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