Agranular Leukocytes, Blood Typing

Question 1

Lymphocytes are ___% of leukocytes.

Answer 1

30%

Question 2

Describe the nucleus of a lymphocyte.

Answer 2

Spherical, slightly dented

Question 3

Describe the size of lymphocytes

Answer 3

2 sizes: Small 5-8 μm and large 14-17 μm

Question 4

In lymphocytes, a small rim of ______ is visible.

Answer 4

cytoplasm

Question 5

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

Answer 5

T-Cells

B-Cells

Question 6

Can T-Cells and B-Cells be visually differentiated?

Answer 6

No (Not at our level, anyways)

Question 7

Lymphocytes originate in ___________ and are non-_________ in their action

Answer 7

Bone marrow

Non-phagocytic

Question 8

How do T-Cell act?

Answer 8

Acts directly against infected cell

Question 9

What are the two kinds of immunity?

Answer 9

Cell-mediated immunity

Humoral immunity

Question 10

What is cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 10

cell-to-cell defense

Question 11

Which leukocyte confers cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 11

T-Cells

Question 12

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 12

Blood-borne immunity

Question 13

Which leukocyte confers humoral immunity?

Answer 13

B-Cells

Question 14

What do B-Cells turn into?

Answer 14

Plasma cells

Question 15

What do plasma cells produce?

Answer 15

Antibodies

Question 16

Monocytes are __% of leukocytes

Answer 16

2%

Question 17

Describe the nucleus of a monocyte

Answer 17

Large, or kidney shaped

Question 18

How much cytoplasm is visible in monocytes?

Answer 18

Lots. More than a leukocyte

Question 19

What do monocytes differentiate into?

Answer 19

Differentiate into macrophages (Big eater of things)

Question 20

How and where are monocytes transported?

Answer 20

Blood carries monocytes to tissue where they migrate out and become macrophages

Question 21

What is the mechanism of monocytes?

Answer 21

Phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris

Question 22

What is an APC?

Answer 22

Antigen presenting cell

Question 23

How are monocytes APCs?

Answer 23

Present fragments of antigens on their surface to alert the immune system

Question 24

What is the first leukocyte to arrive at the site of damage? What follows, and in what number?

Answer 24

Take longer to arrive at damage site (after neutrophils), but monocytes come in greater numbers

Question 25

What is a chemical drawing cells to inflamed tissue?

Answer 25

Chemotaxis

Question 26

What is it when cells slip between endothelial cells to enter/exit the bloodstream?

Answer 26

Diapedesis

Question 27

What is a differential blood count?

Answer 27

Identifies what % of total WBC consists of each type of leukocyte= WBC differential

Question 28

What is a complete blood count?

Answer 28

(CBC)- measures numbers of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Question 29

What is a normal WBC count?

Answer 29

Normal WBC count is 4,500-10,000 WBC/microliter

Question 30

What is leukopenia?

Answer 30

↓ 4,500 WBCs, eg radiation treatment

Question 31

What is leukocytosis?

Answer 31

↑ 10,000 WBCs, eg possible infection

Question 32

What are platelets?

Answer 32

Small fragments of cytoplasm with cell membrane

Question 33

What cell creates platelets?

Answer 33

Created by megakaryocyte

Question 34

What do platelets secrete? (3 things)

Answer 34

``` Secrete clotting factors- promotes clotting Secretes serotonin (a vasoconstrictor) Secrete growth factors that stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle and thereby help to maintain and repair blood vessels ```

Question 35

Plasma is a _____ solution. (And the meaning)

Answer 35

Colloidal | A liquid containing suspended particles (plasma proteins) that no not settle out of the solution

Question 36

What are the three plasma proteins?

Answer 36

Albumins Globulins Fibrinogens

Question 37

Albumins are ___% of plasma proteins and promote ______.

Answer 37

60% | Osmotic pressure

Question 38

Albumins are produced by the _____ and transport ______.

Answer 38

Liver | Lipids

Question 39

Globulins are ___% of plasma proteins. | Name the three kinds.

Answer 39

35% | Alpha, Beta, Gamma

Question 40

Alpha and Beta globulins are produced by the _______ and transport these three things.

Answer 40

Liver | Lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, hormones

Question 41

What are gamma globulins also called?

Answer 41

Antibodies

Question 42

How are antibodies made?

Answer 42

By plasma cells, which in turn, come from B- Cells

Question 43

How many antibodies are made a second? How long do they live?

Answer 43

2,000 | 5-7 days

Question 44

What are the 5 major antibodies?

Answer 44

``` IgM IgG IgA IgD IgE ```

Question 45

What is IgM?

Answer 45

Largest Antibody molecule | 1st antibody released to blood by plasma cells

Question 46

What is IgG?

Answer 46

Principle Ig formed in response to most infectious agents | Constitute 80% of antibodies in plasma

Question 47

Which Ig crosses the placenta to confer passive immunity?

Answer 47

IgG

Question 48

What is IgA?

Answer 48

Found in mucus, tears, breast milk, and saliva- protects respiratory and GI Prevents pathogens from adhering to the epithelium

Question 49

What is IgD?

Answer 49

Coats surface of B-Cells, acts as a B-Cell receptor | Thought to help activate B-Cells

Question 50

What is IgE?

Answer 50

Attached to mast cells/Basophils Stimulate them to release histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation and allergy- eg stuffy nose, swelling eyes, sneezing, etc

Question 51

Fibrinogen is ___% of plasma solutes

Answer 51

5%

Question 52

Fibrinogen is the soluble precursor to _____.

Answer 52

Fibrin

Question 53

What is fibrin?

Answer 53

A sticky, protein that forms the framework of a blood clot that's always circulating in the blood.

Question 54

Where is fibrinogen produced?

Answer 54

The liver

Question 55

What is a RBC antigen?

Answer 55

RBCs are classified by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of a RBC

Question 56

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

Answer 56

Phenotype- What you see, eg Type A | Genotype- What you are genetically

Question 57

What is the genotype of phenotypically A blood?

Answer 57

AA or AO

Question 58

What is the genotype of phenotypically B blood?

Answer 58

BB or BO

Question 59

What is the genotype of phenotypically O blood?

Answer 59

OO

Question 60

What is the genotype of phenotypically AB blood?

Answer 60

AB

Question 61

Rh- lacks what on a RBC? | Rh+ has what on a RBC?

Answer 61

Rh- lacks the Rh factor on the RBC | Rh+ has RH factor on the RBC

Question 62

What is given to Rh- mothers after birth of Rh+ babies

Answer 62

RhoGAM

Question 63

What is HDN stand for?

Answer 63

hemolytic disease of newborn

Question 64

What is HDN?

Answer 64

Happens when antibodies from mom attack fetus through placenta Can happen to 2nd + child, not the first because mom’s antibodies don’t “know” yet

Question 65

How big is a monocyte?

Answer 65

12-24 μm (2-3x bigger than RBC)