Cardiac Hormones, Diseases

Question 1

Where does Epi/NE come from/do?

Answer 1

Adrenal Medulla
Opens Ca++ channels, ↑contractability
↑ HR

Question 2

Where does ADH come from/go/do

Answer 2

Post. Pituitary
Kidneys, retain H20
↑ BP

Question 3

Where does aldosterone come from/go/do?

Answer 3

Zona Glomerulosa, Adrenal Cortex
↑ Na+ retention
↑ BP

Question 4

What is the first precursor for angiotensin II? Where is it produced?

Answer 4

Angiotensinogen in blood is produced by the liver

Question 5

What and how does Angiotensinogen change to?

Answer 5

Changed to angiotensin I by renin

Question 6

How is angiotensin II created from angiotensin I?

Answer 6

Changed to angiotensin II in lung tissue by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

Question 7

What are the 4 effects of angiotensin II?

Answer 7

Causes widespread arteriolar vasoconstriction
Activate thirst centers in hypothalamus
Stimulate aldosterone release
Stimulate ADH release

Question 8

What two extracellular ions impact cardiac function?

Answer 8

The relative combinations of K+ and Ca2+ have a large impact on cardiac function

Question 9

What is the term for something than changes HR?

Answer 9

Chronotropic

Question 10

What does a positive chronotropic agent do?

Answer 10

Increase HR

Question 11

What are 5 positive chronotropic agents?

Answer 11

Sympathetic Nervous System
Nicotine
Caffeine
Epi/NE (nb. stimulate SNS)

Question 12

What does a negative chronotropic agent do?

Answer 12

Lower HR

Question 13

What are two negative chronotropic agents?

Answer 13

PNS- Parasympathetic nervous system

Hyperkalemia

Question 14

What is hyperkalemia?

Answer 14

High potassium- K+ diffuses in,making the membrane potential less negative, this interferes with myocyte repolarization, myocardium becomes less excitable, HR slows and becomes irregular

Question 15

What is the term for something that changes contractibility?

Answer 15

Inotropic

Question 16

What do positive and negative inotropic agents do?

Answer 16

Increase contractibility

Decrease contractibility

Question 17

What are 5 positive inotropic agents?

Answer 17

SNS
EPI/NE
Caffeine
Digitalis- Foxglove plant
Hypercalcemia

Question 18

What are some effects of hypercalcemia?

Answer 18

Ca++ is good, but don’t want too much Ca++, it diffuses into myocytes and contractions are too strong/protracted → cardiac arrest in systole

Question 19

What are three negative inotropic agents?

Answer 19

PNS
Myocardial hypoxia
Hypocalcemia

Question 20

What are some effects of hypocalcemia?

Answer 20

Myocytes lose Ca++ to ECF → weak, irregular HB

Question 21

What is tachycardia?

What is bradycardia?

Answer 21

Persistent resting HR above 100 BPM

Persistent resting HR below 60 BPM

Question 22

What is circulatory shock?

Answer 22

When there is inadequate blood flow, or when cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs

Question 23

What are two kinds of circulatory shock?

Answer 23

Hypovolemic shock

Anaphylactic shock

Question 24

What is hypovolemic shock, and what can cause it?

Answer 24

Loss of blood volume

Due to: hemorrhage, trauma, dehydration, burns,bleeding ulcers

Question 25

What are the sx of hypovolemic shock, and what can it lead to?

Answer 25

Sx: Tachycardia; vasoconstriction in skin, GI, kidney, and muscles Leads to ↓BP and ↓cardiac output

Question 26

What is the end result of hypovolemic shock?

Answer 26

↓BP; tachycardia; cold, clammy skin; little untine → body diverts blood to brain/heart at the expense of other systems

Question 27

What is anaphylactic shock and what causes it?

Answer 27

Loss of blood volume | Due to: Immediate and severe allergic rxn to antigen eg bee sting, penicillin

Question 28

At a cellular level, what happens in anaphylaxis? What is the end result?

Answer 28

Will have: Widespread release of histamine (basophils/mast cells) End result: Widespread vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, circulatory shock, death

Question 29

What is CHF?

Answer 29

When cardiac output is insufficient to maintain the required blood flow of the body.

Question 30

What causes CHF?

Answer 30

Caused by MI, Valve defects, chronic hypertension (↑BP)

Question 31

What is a tx for CHF?

Answer 31

Digitalis, a cardiac stimulant from fox glove plant

Question 32

What is COPD?

Answer 32

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- Any disorder in which there is a long-term obstruction of airflow and a substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation,

Question 33

What condition can come from COPD?

Answer 33

cor pulmonale

Question 34

What is cor pulmonale?

Answer 34

hypertrophy and potential right heart failure due to obstructed pulmonary circuit