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Foundations > Oxygenation > Flashcards

Oxygenation Flashcards

1
Q

three steps in the process of oxygenation

A

ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion

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2
Q

the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

A

ventilation

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3
Q

major inspiratory muscle of respiration

A

diaphragm

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4
Q

relates to the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

perfusion

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5
Q

responsible for moving the respiratory gases from one area to another by concentration gradients

A

diffusion

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6
Q

effort required to expand and contract the lungs

A

work of breathing (WOB)

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7
Q

ease at which the lungs can be expanded

A

compliance

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8
Q

an active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta

A

inspiration

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9
Q

a passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work

A

expiration

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10
Q

a chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing

A

surfactant

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11
Q

collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

atelectasis

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12
Q

the amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration

A

tidal volume

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13
Q

the amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration

A

residual volume

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14
Q

maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration

A

forced vital capacity

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15
Q

what three things influence the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen?

A

the amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma, the amount of hemoglobin, and the tendency of hemoglobin to bind with oxygen

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16
Q

CNS controls the RR, depth, and rhythm, cerebral cortex regulates the voluntary control of respiration

A

neural regulation

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17
Q

maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (ph), chemoreceptors sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural regulators to adjust

A

chemical regulation

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18
Q

volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole

A

stroke volume

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19
Q

Frank-Starling law of the heart

A

as the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases

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20
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right side

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21
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side

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22
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid and mitral

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23
Q

semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonic

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24
Q

the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute

A

cardiac output

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25
Q

the amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole

A

preload

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26
Q

the resistance to left ventricular ejection

A

afterload

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27
Q

the pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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28
Q

reflects the electrical activity of the conduction system

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

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29
Q

represents the electrical conduction through both atria

A

p wave

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30
Q

indicates that the electrical impulse traveled through the ventricles

A

QRS complex

31
Q

physiological factors affecting oxygenation

A

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, hypovolemia, decreased inspired oxygen concentration, increased metabolic rate

32
Q

extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume

A

hypovolemia

33
Q

conditions affecting chest wall movement

A

pregnancy, obesity, musculoskeletal abnormalities, trauma, neuromuscular diseases, CNS alterations

34
Q

condition in which multiple rib fractures cause instability in part of the chest wall

A

flail chest

35
Q

three primary alternations in respiratory functioning

A

hypoventilation, hyperventilation, and hypoxia

36
Q

normal PaCO2

A

35 to 45 mm Hg

37
Q

normal PaO2

A

80 to 100 mm Hg

38
Q

occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

A

hypoventilation

39
Q

state of ventilation in which the lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism

A

hyperventilation

40
Q

inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

A

hypoxia

41
Q

blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes

A

cyanosis

42
Q

caused by electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node (dysrhythmias)

A

disturbances in conduction

43
Q

insufficient volume is ejected into the systemic and pulmonary circulation

A

altered cardiac output

44
Q

acquired or congenital disorder of a cardiac valve by stenosis or regurgitation

A

impaired valvular function

45
Q

coronary artery flow to the myocardium insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands

A

myocardial ischemia

46
Q

hardening

A

stenosis

47
Q

impaired closure

A

regurgitation

48
Q

results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands

A

myocardial ischemia

49
Q

a transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand that results in chest pain

A

angina pectoris

50
Q

results from sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate coronary perfusion

A

myocardial infarction

51
Q

shortness of breath, clinical sign of hypoxia

A

dyspnea

52
Q

abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier or sits learning forward with arms elevated

A

orthopnea

53
Q

coughing up blood from the respiratory tract (alkaline pH)

A

hemoptysis

54
Q

vomiting of blood indicating GI bleeding (acidic pH)

A

hematemesis

55
Q

high-pitched musical sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a narrowed airway

A

wheezing

56
Q

increase in both rate and depth of respirations

A

Kussmaul respiration

57
Q

absence of respirations for a period of time

A

apnea

58
Q

occurs when there is decreased blood flow or injury to the brainstem, periods of apnea followed by periods of deep breathing and then shallow breathing followed by more apnea

A

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

59
Q

the process of adding water to gas

A

humidification

60
Q

adds moisture or medications to inspired air by mixing particles of varying sizes with the air

A

nebulization

61
Q

patient takes a slow, deep breath and holds it for two seconds while contracting expiratory muscles, then performs a series of coughs throughout exhalation

A

cascade cough

62
Q

stimulates a natural cough reflex and is generally effective only for clearing central airways, while exhaling, the patient opens the glottis by saying the word huff

A

huff cough

63
Q

for patients without abdominal muscle control, while the patient breathes out with a maximal expiratory effort, the patient or nurse pushes inward and upward on the abdominal muscles toward the diaphragm, causing the cough

A

quad cough

64
Q

group of therapies for mobilizing pulmonary secretion

A

chest physiotherapy (CPT)

65
Q

consists of drainage, positioning, and turning, and is sometimes accompanied by chest percussion and vibration

A

postural drainage

66
Q

encourages voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to patients about inspiratory volume

A

incentive spirometry

67
Q

used to prevent using invasive artificial airways in patients with acute respiratory failure, cariogenic pulmonary edema, or exacerbation of COPD

A

noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (nppv)

68
Q

a catheter inserted through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space, to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural, or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures

A

chest tube

69
Q

collection of air in the pleural space

A

pneumothorax

70
Q

accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura

A

hemothorax

71
Q

helps patients achieve and maintain an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise, nutrition counseling, relaxation and stress management techniques, and prescribed medications and oxygen

A

cardiopulmonary rehabilitation

72
Q

involves deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse

A

pursed lip breathing

73
Q

exercise that improves efficiency of breathing by decreasing air trapping and reducing the WOB, promotes relaxation and pain control

A

diaphragmatic breathing

74
Q

signs of hypoxia

A

restlessness, anxiety, increased RR, shortness of breath, use of accessory muscles, increased HR and BP, decreased oxygen saturation, dysrhythmias, disorientation, decreased LOC

Foundations (11 decks)

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