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3/17 Flashcards

1
Q

What diseases might you give sulfasalazine for? MOA?

A

IBD

Inhibit cytokine, PG, leukotriene synthesis during inflammation

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2
Q

What causes failure to thrive in young CF patients?

A

Malabsorption due to obstructive fibrosis and progressive insufficiency of the exocrine pancreas. Pancreatic lipase supplementation is needed.

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3
Q

Neural tube defects lead to increased WHAT in amniotic fluid?

A

AFP and AChE

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4
Q

What are the two examples of anterior neural tube defects?

A

encephalocele (herniation of brain tissue through cranial defect)

anencephaly (total absence of brain and calvarium)

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5
Q

What are three examples of posterior neural tube defect?

A

Spina bifida occulta
Meningocele
Meningomyelocele

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6
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Failure of neural crest cells to migrate to intestinal wall

Leads to absence of myenteric and submucosal nervous plexi in a segment of colonic wall

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7
Q

What reabsorbs CSF?

A

Arachnoid granulations

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8
Q

What is suggested by fever, jaundice, and anorexia in an IV drug user?

A

Acute viral hepatitis

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9
Q

What are Councilman bodies?

A

Acidophilic (apoptotic) bodies found in apoptotic hepatocytes, which can be seen in acute viral hepatitis

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10
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches located?

A

Ileum

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11
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands and crypts of Lieberkuhn located?

A

Duodenum

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12
Q

What artery supplies the femoral head?

A

Obturator artery

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13
Q

Why is the obturator artery clinically significant in children?

A

It supplies the femoral head proximal to the epiphyseal growth plate

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14
Q

Sx of paresthesias, weakness, dizziness, n/v, hyporeflexia, and diarrhea after consuming fish points to what toxin?

A

Tetrodotoxin from puffer fish

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15
Q

What toxins inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Diptheria toxin, exotoxin A (pseudomonas), shiga toxin, shiga-like toxin (EHEC, incl O157:H7)

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16
Q

How do diptheria toxin and exotoxin A work?

A

Ribosylate and inactivate elongation factor-2, inhibiting human cell protein synthesis

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17
Q

What is the best auscultatory indicator of Mitral stenosis severity?

A

A2-OS interval, shorter = worse

A2 is the aortic component of S2

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18
Q

Hypopigmented or hyperpigmented skin patches are associated with what organism?

A

Malassezia furfur fungus

Called tinea versicolor (or pityriasis versicolor)

19
Q

What are the cutaneous mycoses?

A

Dermatophytosis

Pityriasis versicolor

20
Q

What type of mycosis is sporotrichosis?

A

Subcutaneous

21
Q

What are the mycoses with systemic involvement (esp the lungs)?

A

Histoplasmosis, coccidioidoses, blastomycosis

22
Q

What are the opportunistic mycoses?

A

Candida, Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus

23
Q

What organism has a “spaghetti and meatball” appearance?

A

Malassezia furfur

24
Q

How do you diagnose pityriasis (tinea) versicolor?

A

KOH tx of skin scrapings

25
Q

Dextrans produced by Viridans group streptococci allow it to attach to what?

A

Fibrin

26
Q

What type of genetic material does parvovirus B19 have?

A

non-enveloped linear (-) ssDNA

27
Q

Genetic material of EBV?

A

enveloped ds DNA

28
Q

What viruses have circular dsDNA?

A

Nonenveloped: HPV, JC virus (PML in HIV), BK virus (renal infx)

Enveloped: HBV is partially circular, but also dsDNA

29
Q

Patients should be tested for what before receiving TNF-a inhibitor like Etanercept?

A

Latent TB infx or any other underlying infx

30
Q

Why would you administer Etanercept? MOA?

A

For moderate to severe RA

TNF-a inhibitor

31
Q

What do you give an alcoholic with pneumonia? Why?

A

Clindamycin, to cover anaerobes from oral flora, commonly the cause of aspiration PNA in alcoholics

32
Q

What are the sx of theophylline toxicity?

A

Abd pain, vomiting, seizures

33
Q

What drugs cause lupus?

A

Hydralazine
Procainamide
Isoniazid
Especially with slow acetylators

34
Q

Bleeding, secretory diarrhea, and partial intestinal obstruction indicate what type of adenomatous polyp?

A

Villous adenoma

35
Q

What does adding cyanide then nitroprusside to urine test for?

A

Detects sulfhydryl groups, particularly for cystine, which turns it purple, indicating cystinuria

36
Q

What is tamoxifen’s effect on breast? Endometrium? Bone?

A

Breast: reduce cancer
Endometrium: increase hyperplasia/cancer risk
Bone: reduce osteoporosis

37
Q

Tubular proteinuria is associated with loss of what kinds of proteins?

A

Low molecular weight proteins, e.g. b2-microglobulin, Ig light chains, amino acids, retinol binding protein

38
Q

Overload proteinuria is associated with loss of what kinds of proteins?

A

Low molecular weight proteins that are filtered by the GBM, but overwhelm the reabsorption by proximal tubule.

E.g. overproduction of Ig light chain in multiple myeloma

39
Q

What are the causes of functional proteinuria?

A

Exercise, high fever, emotional stress, cold exposure

40
Q

What function do ApoE3 and ApoE4 serve?

A

Uptake of chylomicrons and VLDL by hepatic apolipoprotein receptors

41
Q

What function does ApoB-100 serve?

A

Uptake of LDL by receptor mediated uptake in extrahepatic tissues

42
Q

ApoA-I function?

A

LCAT activation for cholesterol esterification into HDL

43
Q

ApoB-48 fxn?

A

Chylomicron assembly and secretion

44
Q

ApoC-II fxn?

A

Lipoprotein lipase activation

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