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Patho > Neuro 1 > Flashcards

Neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Reticular activating system

A

large network of diffuse nuclei that control vital reflexes, such as those controlling cardiovascular function and respiration; maintains the state of wakefulness

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2
Q

Full consciousness

A

state of full awareness of oneself and environment

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3
Q

Arousal

A

individual’s level of awakeness

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4
Q

Vegetative state

A

crude waking state characterized by loss of cerebral function

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5
Q

Alterations in arousal

A

structural
metabolic
psychogenic

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6
Q

Breathing patterns

A

Categorized as hemispheric or brain stem patterns

rate, rhythm and pattern are evaluated

types include:

  • Cheyne-Stokes breathing (hemespheric)
  • Central neurogenic hyperventilation
  • Apneusis
  • Cluster breathing
  • Ataxic breathing
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7
Q

Pupillary changes

A

indicated brain stem dysfunction and level of brain stem function

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8
Q

Oculomotor responses

A

are the resting, spontaneous and reflexive eye movements

if there is metabolic dysfunction patient may still retain normal eye movement

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9
Q

dolls eyes

A

indicated brain stem dysfunction

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10
Q

Ad-

A

coming into body

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11
Q

Ab-

A

moving outward from body

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12
Q

Decorticate posturing

A

flexion of arms, wrists and fingers

adduction of upper extremities

extension, internal rotation and plantar flexion of lower extremities

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13
Q

Decerebrate posturing

A

all four extremities in rigid extension

hyperpronation of forearms (hands turned out)

Plantar extension of feet (toes turned out)

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14
Q

Brain death

A

damage complete…never recover

homeostasis not maintained

cessation of function, including brainstem and cerebellum
declared legally dead when flat EEG for 6-12 hours (but not when brain death was caused by drugs or alcohol..only when caused by metabolic or structural issues)

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15
Q

Cerebral death

A

AKA irreversible coma

death of brain, NOT including brainstem and cerebellum

brain may be able to maintain homeostasis

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16
Q

Awareness

A

includes all cognitive functions plus of self, environment, moods, etc.

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17
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

can’t remember past personal or factual memories

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18
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

can’t form new personal or factual memories

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19
Q

Image processing

A

higher memory function which allows for concept formation, meaning assignment and abstract thought

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20
Q

Alterations in image processing

A

inability to form concepts, assign meaning, or reason…thinking becomes very concrete

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21
Q

Seizure

A

results from sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons

characterized by sudden, transient alterations in brain function, usually involving motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic manifestations

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22
Q

Convulsion (term sometimes used for seizure)

A

jerky, contract-relax (clonic-tonic) movement associated with some seizures

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23
Q

Epilepsy

A

seizure activity with no underlying, correctable cause

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24
Q

Classification of seizures

A

Partial and generalized

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25
Q

Partial seizures

A

simple
complex
secondarily generalized

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26
Q

Generalized seizures

A 
absence
myoclonic
clonic
tonic
tonic-clonic
atonic
unclassified
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27
Q

Simple/partial

A

no loss of consciousness but motor, sensory and autonomic signs displayed

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28
Q

Complex/partial

A

impairment of consciousness

may be precipitated by simple/partial seizure

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29
Q

Secondarily generalized/partial

A

evolves into Generalized Tonic-clonic seizure

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30
Q

Tonic phase of seizure

A

muscle contraction with increased muscle tone

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31
Q

Clonic phase of seizure

A

alternating contraction and relaxation of muscle

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32
Q

Data processing deficits

A

are the problems associated with recognizing and processing sensory information

include agnosia, dysphasia and acute confusional states

33
Q

Agnosia

A

defect in pattern recognition - failure to recognize form and nature of objects

can be tactile, visual or auditory - one at a time usually

34
Q

Dysphasia

A

impairment of comprehension or production of language with impaired communication

35
Q

Expressive dysphasia

A

expressive deficits, but may also include verbal comprehension deficits

36
Q

Receptive dysphasia

A

comprehension deficits

37
Q

Aphasia

A

severe form of dysphasia and an inability to communicate

38
Q

Phases of Generalized Seizures

A
  • Aura (partial seizure that immediately precedes onset of general seizure)
  • Prodroma (early…can occur hours to days before..warns of coming seizure with changes in BP, headache and changes in blood glucose)
  • Tonic Phase
  • Clonic Phase
  • Postictal phase (immediately after seizure…altered LOC for 5-30 mins)
39
Q

Acute confusional states (ACS)

A

Delirium

Hypokinetic

40
Q

Delirium

A
  • overactivity of nervous system; hyperconfusion; this will improved over time
  • lasts 2-3 days
41
Q

Hypokinetic

A

under activity of nervous system

42
Q

Dementia

A

progressive failure of many cerebral functions which will worsen over time

43
Q

Alzeimers Disease

A

one of the most common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older persons

leading cause of dementia

44
Q

Patho of Alzeimers

A

Complex

linked to three genes on chromosome 21

45
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

various conditions characterized by excess fluid in the cerebral ventricles, subarachnoid space, or both

46
Q

Types of Hydrocephalus

A
  • noncommunicating - gradual
  • communicating - gradual
  • acute - rapid
47
Q

Patho of hydrocephalus

A

obstruction of CSF flow produces increased pressure and dilation of ventricles proximal to obstruction

48
Q

Noncommunicating hydrocephalus

A

aka intraventricular hydrocephalus
most often seen in children
is obstruction within ventricular system

49
Q

Communicating hydrocephalus

A

more often seen in adults

is defective resorption of CSF

50
Q

Acute hydrocephalus

A

develops a couple of hours after head/brain injury

contributes to significant increase in ICP

51
Q

Normal muscle tone

A
  • involves a slight resistance to passive movement

- throughout the range of motion, the resistance is smooth, constant and even

52
Q

Alterations in muscle tone

A

Hypotonia
Hypertonia

both of these lead to muscle atrophy d/t decreased use

53
Q

Hypotonia

A
  • decreased muscle tone
  • passive movement of muscle occurs with little or no resistance
  • causes cerebellar damage
54
Q

Hypertonia

A
  • increased muscle tone

- passive movement of muscle occurs with resistance (more than normal level of resistance)

55
Q

Alterations in movement

A 
Paresis/paralysis
Hemiparesis/hemiplegia
Paraparesis/paraplegia
Quadriparesis/quadriplegia
Areflexia (loss of reflexes)
56
Q

Paresis/paralysis

A

Paresis is partial paralysis with incomplete loss of muscle power
Paralysis is loss of motor function so that muscle group can’t overcome gravity

57
Q

Hemiparesis/hemiplegia

A

is paresis/paralysis of the upper and lower extremities on one side

58
Q

Paraparesis/paraplegia

A

is weakness/paralysis of the lower extremities

59
Q

Quadriparesis/quadriplegia

A

paresis/paralysis of all 4 extremities

60
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Syndromes

A

Associated with spastic muscle tone, contributing to the loss of function

61
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes

A

Associated with flaccid motor tone. Impairs both voluntary and involuntary movement.

62
Q

Areflexia

A

loss of tendon reflexes

63
Q

Fibrillation

A

isolated contraction of a single muscle fiber due to metabolic changes in denervated muscle not visible clinically.

64
Q

Cerebral Hemodynamics

A

movement of blood in brain, includes:

  • cerebral blood flow (CBF)
  • cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
  • cerebral blood volume (CBV)
  • cerebral oxygenation
65
Q

Cerebral blood flow

A

normally maintained at rate that matches local metabolic needs of the brain

66
Q

Cerebral perfusion pressure

A

70-90 mm.Hg pressure required to perfuse cells of brain

67
Q

Cerebral blood volume

A

amount of blood in the intracranial vault at a given time

68
Q

Cerebral oxygenation

A

critical factor and it’s measured by oxygen saturation in internal jugular vein

69
Q

Alterations in CBF

A

may be related to three injury states:

  • inadequate cerebral perfusion (cerebral oligemia)
  • normal perfusion with an elevated intracranial pressure
  • excessive cerebral blood volume (cerebral hyperemia)
70
Q

Intracranial pressure

A

normally at 1-15 mm Hg

will increase due to increase in intracranial content such as tumor growth, edema, excess CSF or hemmorhage

71
Q

Cerebral Edema

A

increase in flue content of brain tissue

3 types:

  • Vasogenic
  • Cytotoxic
  • Intersitital
72
Q

Vasogenic edema

A

most important type; caused by increase in permeability of capillary endothelium of brain after injury to vascular structures

73
Q

Cytotoxic

A

toxins directly affect brain’s cellular elements, specifically transport of K and Na; cell walls lose K and gain Na and H2O

74
Q

Interstitial

A

seen in noncommunicating hydrocephalus; caused by movement of CSF

75
Q

Huntington Disease

A

Rare
Hereditary
Hyperkinetic movement disorder

Patho: severe degeneration of basal ganglia in brain

no treatment to halt progression

76
Q

Chorea

A

irregular, uncontrolled, excessive movement

77
Q

Athetosis

A

writhing movement

78
Q

Ballism

A

Flinging movment

79
Q

Parkinson Disease

A

common
disorder of movement

Patho: unknown except for degeneration of basal ganglia with loss of dopamine producing neurons (think story of Rachel in Dev. Psych)

Patho (8 decks)

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