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Patho > Neuro 2 > Flashcards

Neuro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Closed injury

A

dura intact
no break or exposure to outside environ
more common injury

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2
Q

Open injury

A

dura penetrated
exposure to environ
less common

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3
Q

Coup

A

injury directly under site of impact

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4
Q

Countrecoup

A

injury opposite to site of original impact

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5
Q

Focal injury

A
  • local!
  • specific
  • ex.: epidural hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, intracerebral hematoma
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6
Q

Diffuse Brain Injury (DAI)

A
  • widespread!
  • can have widespread consequences - physical, cognitive, behavioural

types include:

  • mild concussion
  • classic concussion
  • mild diffuse axonal injury
  • moderate
  • severe
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7
Q

Postconcussive Syndrome

A

not a DAI

happens after concussion

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8
Q

Concussion

A

axonal disturbances

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9
Q

Contusions

A

blood leading from injured blood vessals

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10
Q

Hematoma

A

a localized collection of extravasated blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue.

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11
Q

Extradural Hematoma (epidural)

A

bleeding between dura mater and the skull

1-25% of traumatic brain injury

common btwn ages 20-40

worry is that patients don’t get this checked out

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12
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

bleeding between dura mater and the brain

10-20% of traumatic brain injury

can be acute (develops within hours) or chronic (develops over weeks and months; seen in elderly and alcohol abusers)

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13
Q

Intracerebral Hematoma

A

bleeding within brain

associated with single or multiple contusions

2-3% of people with head injuries

often occurs in frontal and temporal lobes

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14
Q

Spinal Cord Trauma

A
  • Vertebral injuries
  • Spinal Shock
  • Autonomic hyperreflexia
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15
Q

Vertebral Injuries

A

from acceleration, deceleration or deformation

most commonly caused by auto accidentes

classified as:

  • simple fracture
  • compressed (wedged) fracture
  • comminuted (burst) fracture
  • dislocation
  • hyperextension
  • axial compression - causes spinal cord contusion
  • flexion
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16
Q

Spinal Shock

A

reflex function completely lost in segments below lesion;

temporary - resolves in 7-20 days or up to 3 months

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17
Q

Autonomic hyperreflexia (dyreflexia)

A

occurs after spinal shock resolves

massive, uncompensated cardiovascular response to stimulation of sympathetic nervous system

medical emergency

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18
Q

Degenerative Disorders of the Spine

A

Commonly occur in lumbar spine

Types:

  • Degenerative Disk Disease (DDD) - degeneration of vertebrae
  • Spondylolysis - structural defect (degeneration or develop. defect) of spine involving lamina or neural arch of vertebra
  • Spondylolisthesis - occurs when vertebra slides forward and into vertebra below it
  • Spinal Stenosis - narrowing of the spinal cord
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19
Q

Stroke

A

leading cause of disability and 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S.

are classified as:

  • global hypoperfusion (as in shock)
  • ischemic (thrombotic, embolic)
  • hemorrhagic
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20
Q

Patho of Strokes

A

abnormality in the brain caused by a pathological process in the blood vessels

associated with brain abnormalities such as ischemia and hemorrhage

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21
Q

Thrombotic Stroke

A

arise from arterial occlusions caused by thrombi formation in the arteries

associated with atherosclerosis and inflammatory disease that damage vessel walls

22
Q

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)

A

brief episode of neuro dysfunction caused by focal disturbance of brain

23
Q

Embolic Stroke

A
  • involves fragments of thrombus that formed outside the brain and occlude blood vessels
  • involve small brain vessels and obstruct at a bifurcation or other point of narrowing, which causes ischemia
  • common in carotid artery and aorta
24
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke (also called an intracranial hemorrhage)

A

patho: a mass of blood is formed and grows, displacing and compressing adjacent brain tissue

sizes:

  • massive 3-10cm
  • small 1-2cm
  • petechial size of pinhead
  • slit lies in subcortical area
25
Q

Lacunar Stroke

A

caused by occlusion of a single deep perforating artery that supplies small blood vessels

may have pure motor or pure sensory deficits

26
Q

lesion

A

any pathological or traumatic discontinuity of tissue or loss of function of a part.

27
Q

Ischemic

A

ischemia of brain d/t vascular occlusions

ischemic = occlusions

cerebral infarction

  • abrupt vessel occlusion - emboli
  • gradual “ “ - atheroma
  • partial occlusion of narrowed vessels
28
Q

Hemorrhagic

A

ischemia d/t bleeding into tissues

hemorrhagic = bleeding

cerebral hemorrhage

  • ruptured aneurysms, AVMs, tumors, coagulation disorders, trauma, cocaine, amphetamines (bleeding into brain tissues or mass of blood formed)
  • hypertension
29
Q

Intracranial aneurysm

A

patho: no single pathological mechanism exists

types:

  • saccular (berry)
  • fusiform
30
Q

Saccular

A
  • occurs frequently

- congenital abnormalities in arterial wall and degenerative changes

31
Q

Fusiform

A
  • occurs from diffuse arteriosclerotic changes in arteries

- most commonly in basilar arteries or internal carotid arteries

32
Q

Where will you see manifestations of intracranial aneurysms?

A

cranial nerves 3,4,5,6 - d/t compression

33
Q

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

A

is a vascular malformation characterized by tangled mass of dilated blood vessels creating abnormal channels btwn arterial and venous systems

34
Q

Patho of AVM

A

abnormal blood vessel structure, abnormally thin vessels with complez growth and remodeling patterns

35
Q

Subarachnoid hemmorrhage

A

blood escapes from an injured or defective vessel in the subarachnoid space

injury can be: leak or tear

36
Q

Headaches

A

3 types:

  • migraines
  • cluster headaches
  • tension-type headaches
37
Q

Migraines

A
  • episodic neuro disorder whose markers is headache
  • repeated, episodic HA lasting 4-72 hours
  • 2 categories: migraine w/ aura; migraine w/out aura
38
Q

Cluster headache

A
  • occur in clusters for a period of days

- extreme pain but short duration

39
Q

Tension-type headaches

A
  • most common type of HA

- sensation of tight band or pressure around head with gradual onset of pain

40
Q

Phases of HA

A

dfdfsdsdfas

41
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of brain and spinal cord

  • can be bacterial, viral or fungal in nature
  • caused by systemic or bloodstream infection (usually respiratory)
42
Q

Encephalitis

A

acute febrile illness usually of viral origin with nervous system involvement
-most common form from mosquito-borne virus or HSV (herpes)

43
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A
  • is a demyelinating degenerative disorder
  • is a relatively common acquired autoimmune inflammatory disorder involving destruction of axonal myelin in the brain and spinal cord.

The onset is usually between 20 and 40 years of age and is more common in women. Men may have a more severe progressive course.

The prevalence rate is affected by gene-environment interactions in susceptible individuals.

44
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A
  • is a demyelinating degenerative disorder
  • is a worldwide neurodegenerative disorder that diffusely involves lower and upper motor neurons, resulting in progressive muscle weakness.

Classic ALS (Lou Gehrig disease) may begin at any time from the fourth decade of life; its peak occurrence is in the early fifties.

The male/female ratio is about 1.5:1, equalizing after menopause. Ten percent of persons with ALS have a familial form and specific genes have been identified.

45
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A
  • is an acquired chronic autoimmune disease mediated by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction
  • is characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability.
  • is more common in women
  • thymic tumors, pathologic changes in the thymus, and other autoimmune diseases are associated with the disorder.
  • Ocular myasthenia, more common in males, involves weakness of the eye muscles and eyelids, and may include swallowing difficulties and slurred speech.
46
Q

Primary brain tumors

A

Types are:

  • astrocytomas
  • oligodendrogliomas
  • ependymomas
  • meningiomas
47
Q

Astrocytomas

A
  • most common tumor
  • can occur anywhere in brain or spinal cord
  • are slow growing and invasive
48
Q

Oligodendrogliomas

A
  • 2% of brain tumors
  • commonly occurs in frontal lobes
  • are avascular and encapsulated
  • are slow growing and doesn’t spread
49
Q

Ependymomas

A
  • common in children; rare in adults
  • occurs in the walls of ventricles and in the spinal cord
  • are more malignant; not encapsulated
50
Q

Meningiomas

A
  • 30% of brain tumors
  • occurs in olfactory grooves which are located at the sphenoid bone (at base of skull)
  • are slow growing and encapsulated

Patho (8 decks)

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