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Patho > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Classification of Fractures

A

Incomplete (damaged) and Complete (total break)

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2
Q

Types of complete factures

A
  • Closed
  • Open (leads to infection; means the bone is protruding from the skin)
  • Comminuted (multiple fragments)
  • Linear (parallel to long axis)
  • Oblique (fracture line at an angle to long axis of bone)
  • Transverse (“..” perpendicular to long axis of bone)
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3
Q

Types of incomplete fractures

A
  • Greenstick (common in children and elderly)
  • Torus (cortex buckles but doesn’t break)
  • Bowing (bone bends)
  • Stress (athletes)
  • Transchondral (separation of cartilage from main bone)
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4
Q

Direct healing

A
  • occurs when bone cortices (ends) are in contact/inline with one another
  • occurs with surgical fixation
  • no callus formation
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5
Q

Indirect healing (secondary)

A
  • involves formation of callus
  • is not complete healing
  • there is eventual remodeling of solid bone
  • occur with fractures treated with cast or other nonsurgical method
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6
Q

Treatment of fractures

A
  • immobilization (not open to surgery)
  • closed/open reduction (maintained with immobilization; used when confident that bone will heal; splint or cast)
  • nonunion (failure for bone ends to grow together)
  • delayed union (occurs 8-9 months after fracture)
  • malunion (healing of bone in incorrect position)

non, delayed and mal are all slowed if pts are smokers and diabetics

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7
Q

Dislocation

A
  • usually caused by trauma
  • usually accompanied by fracture
  • common in ppl under 20
  • can be congenital or acquired
  • has longer immobilization period
  • is displacement of one or more bones in a join
  • opposing joint surfaces entirely lose contact
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8
Q

Subluxation

A
  • usually caused by trauma
  • usually accompanied by fracture
  • common in ppl under 20
  • can be congenital or acquired

-injury which occurs when contact btwn opposing join surfaces is only partially lost

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9
Q

Tendon

A

Fibrous connective tissue attaches muscle to bone where they meet in joints

tendon is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.

Support structure of bone and joints

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10
Q

Ligament

A

Fibrous connective tissue which connect bone to bone where they meet in joints

ligament is a short band of tough fibrous dense regular connective tissue composed mainly of long, stringy collagen fibers.

Support structure of bone and joints

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11
Q

Sprain

A

ligament tear

common in wrist, ankle, elbow, knee

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12
Q

Strain

A

tearing or stretching of a muscle or tendon

common in hands, feet, knee, upper arm, thigh, ankle, achilles tendon

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13
Q

Avulsion

A

complete separation of tendon or ligament from bony attachment site

common in sprinter, hurtlers and distance runners

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14
Q

Tendinopathy (tendonitis)

A

painful inflammation of tendons

anatomical position is lateral

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15
Q

Epicondylopathy (golfer’s elbow)

A

painful inflammation of tendon

anatomical position is medial

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16
Q

Brusitis

A

painful inflammation of bursae (small sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid between bone prominences and soft tissues)

17
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A
  • rapid breakdown of muscle

- releases the protein pigment myoglobin into extracellular space and bloodstream

18
Q

Cause of Rhabdomyolysis

A

interruption in muscle membrane which allows cellular contents to be released

19
Q

Patho of Rhabdomyolysis

A
  • relatively rare
  • many causes which can result in…
    • hyperkalemia d/t release of K into circulation
    • metabolic acidosis d/t release of phosphorus and sulfate
    • acute renal failure d/t release of myoglobin which gets stuck in renal tubules and nephron
    • disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) d/t activation of clotting cascade
20
Q

Compartment syndrome

A
  • result of increased pressure within a muscle compartment…but this is a problem because skeletal muscles don’t expand because they’re surrounded layers of fibrous fascia
21
Q

Causes of compartment syndrome

A

conditions that increase contents of compartment; also trauma from injury

22
Q

Patho of Compartment Syndrome

A

weight of limp extremity generates enough pressure to produce muscle ischemia

23
Q

common compartments effected

A
  • anterior and deep posterior tibia
  • gluteal compartments of butt
  • abdominal wall
24
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

A

-inherited muscle disorder

25
Q

Cause of Malignant Hyperthermia

A

hypermetabolic reaction to certain volatile anesthetics or succinylcholine that activates prolonged release of intracellular Calcium

26
Q

Osteoporosis (think porous bone)

A
  • most common bone disease
  • often progresses silently until fracture
  • 2.5 or greater of bone density loss indicates osteoporosis
27
Q

Patho of Osteoporosis

A

old bone resorbed faster than new bone is being made
bones lose density and become thinner and more porous

  • remodeling cycle (coupling) is disrupted
  • bone resorption (osteoclasts) increased
  • bone formation (osteoblasts) decreased
  • leaves bone porous and brittle
28
Q

Osteomalacia

A

metabolic bone disorder in which there is a normal amount of collagen but a decreased amount of calcium produces a softening of bones. Vitamin D deficiency disrupts bone mineralization

so bone volume is unchanged but it’s soft instead of rigid

29
Q

Paget’s Disease (osteitis deformans)

A

it is a state of increased metabolic activity in the bone and is an abnormal & excessive bone remodeling (both resorption and formation)

30
Q

Patho of Paget’s

A
  • Begins with excessive breakdown of bone
  • Results in laying down of unorganized bone
  • Trabecular network diminishes (this network is the support structure of the bones)
  • Bone marrow is replaced by extremely vascular fibrous tissue
  • Formation of abnormal new bone at accelerated rate
31
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

bone infection most often caused by bacteria

patho is similar to any infection of body tissue

Types are:

  • exogenous
  • endogenous
  • hematogenous

Results:
- acute (abrupt onset of inflamm…if not treated leads sub acute and chronic)

  • subacute (S/S usually vague; single or multiple abscesses)
  • chronic (infection is indolent or silent btwn exacerbations; single or multiple abscesses)
32
Q

Exogenous osteomyelitis

A

infection enters from outside the body (open fracture, penetrating wound or surgery)

33
Q

Endogenous osteomyelitis

A

from infection in body

34
Q

hematogenous oestomyelitis

A

this type is commonly a complication of low oxygen and sickle cell anemia

most common in children and elderly

35
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

common age-related disorder of synovial joints

osteoarthritis = age and wear

local areas of loss and damage of articular (joint) cartilage

common locations: hands, hips and spine

36
Q

Patho of osteoarthritis

A
  • primary defect is loss of articular cartilage and bone
  • cartilage becomes thin and absent in some areas
  • unprotected bone becomes sclerotic (dense and hard)
37
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Chronic, systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease

rheumatoid arthritis = autoimmune, internal attack

joint swelling and tenderness and destruction of synovial joints, leading to disability and sometimes premature death

Common locations: fingers, feet, wrists, elbows, ankles, knees and sometimes shoulders, hips, cervical spine and lungs

15% of people have acute onset
20% get nodules

38
Q

Patho of RA

A

Cartilage damage in RA is result of 3 processes

  1. neutrophils and other cells become activated degrading articular cartilage
  2. inflammatory cytokines induce enzymatic breakdown of cartilage and bone
  3. T cells interact with cytoblasts to cause the synovium to converted into pannus (thick tissue)
39
Q

Joint

A

A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact

ligaments for a joint where they connect bones to bones

Patho (8 decks)

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