Endocrine 2

Question 1

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 1

Type I
Type II
Gestational

Question 2

Type I

Answer 2

Insulin dependent

beta-cell destruction leads to complete insulin dependence (aka absolute insulin deficiency…there is no insulin so glucose can’t enter cells)

most common pediatric chronic disease

Question 3

Type II

Answer 3

Insulin resistant

one of two things can happen

1. cells are resistant to insulin or
2. pancreas is not making enough insulin, along with insulin resistance

Question 4

Ways to diagnose Type II

Answer 4

1. Random blood glucose level (BGL) of over 200 with symptoms
2. Fasting BGL of 126 or higher on 2 different occasions
3. Hemoglobin A1C of 6.5% or higher

Question 5

Patho of Type I

Answer 5

In Type 1, the cells that produce the insulin (beta bells) were damaged or destroyed by a T-Cell autoimmune disease. The cause varies but there are several contributing factors including genetics, viruses, drugs, and or illness. The beta cells were damaged so the pancreas makes little to no insulin. What is produced enters the bloodstream but it’s not enough. The glucose cannot enter the cells without the insulin therefore it builds up in the blood stream.

Question 6

Patho of Type II

Answer 6

In type 2, the Beta Cells are fine therefore sufficient amounts of insulin are being produced. The defect is with the cellular receptor; the cell does not recognize the insulin and therefore does not let the insulin or glucose in. It is insulin resistant. Therefore you still end up with low intracellular glucose. In response, the pancreas thinks the cells are starving and compensates but is continually pumping out insulin and eventually fails due to overproduction. Once again, we have a backup of glucose and now insulin in the bloodstream.

Question 7

Normal pathology of insulin in body

Answer 7

The stomach converts food/carbs into glucose, the glucose then enters the bloodstream. The pancreas normally releases insulin in response. The insulin and the glucose can then enter the cells together. In a fast or when you skip a meal, your liver pumps out glucose to meet the needs of your cells and body.

Question 8

Ketones

Answer 8

Poisonous acidic chemicals produced by the body when fat instead of glucose is burned for energy. Breakdown of fat occurs when not enough insulin is present to channel glucose into body cells.

Question 9

Cortisol

Answer 9

It functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. It also decreases bone formation.