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Anatomy II > Resp. + body cavities embryology > Flashcards

Resp. + body cavities embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the basic development of the respiratory system.

Acronym?

A

Gabriella Deluca Really Blows For Shrimps

  1. laryngeotracheal Groove forms in the floor of primordial pharynx caudal to 4th pair of pharyngeal pouches
  2. laryngeotracheal groove evaginates → laryngeotracheal Diverticulum
  3. elongates + distal ends enlarge → Respiratory Bud
  4. tracheoesophageal Folds develop lateral to laryngeotracheal groove
  5. approach each other → tracheoesophageal Septum: seperates
    - ventrally: esophagus
    - dorsally: laryngeotracheal tube
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2
Q

How does the larynx develop?

A
  1. ​arytenoid swellings at cranial end of laryngeotracheal tube
  2. grow toward tongue → laryngeal inlet
  3. temporary occlusion + recanalization
  4. epiglottis develops from hypopharyngeal eminence

additionally:

  • ​​4th/6th pharyngeal arch → laryngeal mm.
  • neural crest cells in 4th/6th pharyngeal arch → laryngeal cart.
  • endoderm → endothelial lining
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3
Q

How does the trachea develop?

A

​from larnygeotracheal tube

  • ​endodermal lining distal to larynx → epithelium + glands of trachea + pulm. ep.
  • splanchnic mesenchyme → cart., conn. tissue, tracheal mm.
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4
Q

What are “common” disorders resulting from faulty partioning of the laryngotracheal tube?

A

tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF):

passage btw trachea and esophagus due to incomplete division

⇒ often associated with a blind ending esophagus (= esophageal atresia)

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5
Q

How does the bronchial tree develop?

A
  1. respiratory bud seperates into 2 bronchial buds
  2. enlarge to main bronchi growing into pericardioperitoneal canals
  3. divide to secondary bronchi which undergo ramification
    → form lobar bronchi
    → form segmental bronchi + intersegmental branches
  4. primordial bronchopulmonary segments are formed
  5. respiratory bronchioles develop
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6
Q

Which structures form parietal and visceral pleura?

A
  • splanchnic mesoderm → visceral pleura
  • somatic mesoderm → parietal pleura

​NOTE analogy to peritoneum

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7
Q

What are the four stages of lung maturation?

A
  1. pseudoglandular stage (w6 - 16)
  2. canalicular stage (w16 - 26)
  3. terminal sac stage (w26 - birth)
  4. alveolar stage (w32 - 8y)
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8
Q

What happens in the pseudoglandular stage during the maturation of lungs?

Time period?

A

w6 - 16:

  • developing lungs resemble exocrine glands histologically
  • all major elements formed (→ terminal bronchi)
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9
Q

What happens in the canalicular stage during the maturation of lungs?

Time period?

A

w16 - 26:

  • each terminal bronchiolus → 2+ resp. bronchioli w/ a few terminal sacs (type I + II pneumocytes)
  • lung tissue vascularizes
  • lumina of bronchi/terminal bronchioles become larger

⇒ respiration possible

canals (canalicular) are similar to vessels (vascularization), thus first contact with blood → gas exchange

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10
Q

What happens in the terminal sac stage during the maturation of lungs?

Time period?

A

w26 - birth:

  • most terminal sacs (alveoli) develop
  • vascularizations proceeds + lymphatic cap. form

⇒ survival of prematurely born infant

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11
Q

What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?

A

counteracts surface tension forces → facilitates expansion of alveolar sacs by preventing atelectasis (= collapse of sacs during inhalation)

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12
Q

What happens in the alveolar stage during the maturation of lungs?

Time period?

A

w32 - 8y:

increase of lung area mostly due to increased no. of resp. bronchioles/alveoli (by formation of sec. septa)

150 M in neonate → 300 M in adult

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13
Q

What are the conditions for the gas exchange btw the fetus and the placenta of the mother?

A
  • transition of lungs from secr. to gas exchanging organs
  • parallel pulmonary/systemic circulations
  • surfactant
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14
Q

Why is the amniotic fluid so important for fetal lung development?

How is it cleared eventually?

How is the deficiency of amniotic fluid called?

A

fetal breathing moments force aspiration of some amniotic fluid into the lungs

→ condition resp. mm.
→ stimulate lung development by creating a pressure gradient btw lungs and amn. fluid

deficiency = oligohydraminos

routes of clearance:

  • mouth/nose during vaginal delivery
  • lymphatics + blood vessels
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15
Q

What are the parts of the embryonic body cavity?

A
  • pericardial cavity
  • 2 pericardioperitoneal canals
  • peritoneal cavity
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16
Q

Explain the formation of body cavities.

Acronym?

A
  1. intraembryonic Coelom = horseshoe-shaped cavity
    • bend = future pericardial cavity
    • limbs = future pleural/peritoneal cavity
  2. brought together during Folding
  3. limbs fuse ventrally → ventral mesentery degenerates → Peritoneal cavity
  4. growth of bronchial buds induces formation of
    • cranially: pleuropericardial Folds
    • caudal: pleuroperitoneal Folds
      ⇒ both become membraneous​
  5. ​pleuroperic. Memb. fuse → fibrous Pericardium/mediastinum
    pleuroperit. Membr. → Diaphragm
17
Q

1 - 5

A

1) pleuropericardial membrane
2) n. phrenicus
3) common cardinal v.
4) lung
5) esophagus

18
Q

6 - 8

A

6) pericardial cavity
7) fibrous pericardium
8) esophageal mesentery

19
Q

What are the contents of the pleuropericardial folds?

A

common cardinal v. + n. phrenicus

20
Q

How does the peritoneum form?

A
  • somatic mesoderm → parietal peritoneum lining abdominal wall
  • splanchnic mesoderm → visceral peritoneum covering organs

NOTE analogy to pleura

21
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity initial continuous with?

When does it loose the connection?

A

extraembryonic coelom at umbilicus

looses connection as intestines return to the abdomen

22
Q

How does the diaphragm develop?

A

4 parts fuse

  • septum transversum → central tendon
  • pleuroperitoneal membranes
  • esophageal mesentery → median portion of diaphragm, myoblasts form crura
  • muscular ingrowths of int. layer of post. body wall
23
Q

1 - 5

purple layer is facing ventrally

A

1) IVC
2) aorta
3) esophagus
4) pericardioperitoneal canal
5) pleuroperitoneal membrane

24
Q

6 - 8

purple layer is facing ventrally

A

6) muscular ingrowth of int. layer of post. body wall
7) septum transversum
8) esophageal mesentery

25
Q

Explain the development nerve pathyway of the diaphragm.

What are consequences?

A

myoblasts from 3rd - 5th somite grow into diaphragm via septum transversum bringing their nerve fibers → fibers fuse: n. phrenicus

  • nerves elongate during descent of diaphragm
  • enter through pleuropericardial membranes (later fibrous pericardium)

Anatomy II (13 decks)

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