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Anatomy II > ...genital sytem > Flashcards

...genital sytem Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate btw male genetalia.

A

internal genetalia:

  • testes + epidydimis
  • ductus deferens + funiculus spermaticus
  • accessory sex glands: prostate + gl. vesiculosa + gl. bulbourethralis (COWPER)

​testes + epidydimus belong to int. genetalia bc they originate from abd. cavity, descended w/ peritoneal covering (cavitas serosa scroti) into scrotum

​external genetalia:

  • penis
  • urethra
  • scrotum
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2
Q

Briefly explain the function of the male genetalia.

A
  1. testes produce spermatozoa (∽ 74d)
  2. transported to epididymis → maturation (∽ 8-17d)
  3. pass through ductus deferens to urethra, sperms mixed with secretions of accessory sex glands
  4. leave body cavity through urethra
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3
Q

Describe the macroscopic structure of the testes.

A
  • sup./inf. pole
  • epididymis
    • 3 parts: caput, corpus, cauda
    • fixed to sup. pole by lig. epididymis sup./inf.
    • ​becomes ductus deferens at inf. pole
  • covered by capsule = tunica albuginea
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4
Q

Briefly describe the microscopic structure of the testes.

What is their function?

A

seperated by septula testis into lobuli testes
→ contain seminiferous tubules

⇒ spermatozoa are produced in wall of seminiferous tubules

  • in interstitium btw seminiferous tubules: LEYDIG cells → produce testosterone
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5
Q

Which remnants of embryological structures can be found in mature testes?

A

appendix testis:

  • 3-4 mm wide at sup. pole
  • remnant of MÜLLERIAN duct

​appendix epididymis:

  • at sup. pole of head of epidiymis
  • remnant of WOLFFIAN duct
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6
Q

Which vessels supply/drain the testes?

Innervation?

A

supply:

  • a. testicularis (from aorta pars abdominalis)
    orginate from lumbar region, follow during descencus

​drainage:

  • plexus pampiniformis → unite in canalis inguinalis
    → v. testicularis dextra → v. cava inf.
    → v. testicularis sin. → v. renalis sin.

innervation:

  • symph: plexus testicularis (rr. from plexus intermesentericus/renalis)
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7
Q

What is a varicocele and what might be the cause?

A

e. g. kidney tumors can grow into v. renalis → cause constriction of left v. testicularis →
* *dilation of plexus pampiniforis/vv. testicularis** → changes in blood circulation → reduced spermatic production

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8
Q

List the coats of the testes/scrotum from the innermost to the outermost layer.

A
  1. tunica vaginalis = mesorchium
    • ​​epiorchium
    • periorchium
  2. fascia spermatica int.
  3. m. cremaster
  4. fascia spermatica ext.
  5. scrotum - tunica DARTOS
  6. scrotum - skin
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9
Q

1 - 5

Which structures are formed by #2

No #4.

Another name for #3 and #5.

A

1) testes + epididymis
2) peritoneum → proc. vaginalis + deep ing. ring
3) epiorchium (visceral layer of tunica vaginalis)
5) periorchium (parietal layer of tunica vaginalis)

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10
Q

6 - 10

A

6) fascia transversalis abdominis
7) m. transv. abd.
8) m. obliq. int.
9) m. obliq. ext.
10) m. cremaster (prod. by #7 + #8)

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11
Q

11 - 16

A

11) fascia spermatica ext.
12) scrotum
13) tunica DARTOS
14) skin
15) cavitas serosa scroti
16) fascia spermatica int.

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12
Q

What is the function of tunica dartos?

A

movement of scrotal skin → temperature regulation (optimally 2 °C below body temperature)

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13
Q

Which structure can be found on the dorsal aspect in the middle of the scrotum?

A

raphe scroti = continuation of raphe perinei

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14
Q

What might be the reason for an innate inguinal hernia?

A

no obliteration of proc. vaginalis peritonei that forms tunica vaginalis testis

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15
Q

What is a hydrocele testis?

A

accumulation of fluid in cavitas serosa scroti → balloon-like enlargement

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16
Q

What can cause a testicular torsion and what are possible consequences?

A

thin mesorchium → testicular torsion → strangulation of blood vessels → irreversible damage to testes

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17
Q

What causes the cremaster reflex?

A

petting of inner surface of thigh → r. femoralis of n. genitofemoralis + cutaneous rr. of n. obturatorius → reflectory contraction of m. cremaster

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18
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

non-descent of testis into scrotum → stay in abd. cavity → high body temperature → damage to parenchyme of testes → no spermatic production

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19
Q

Which vessels supply/drain the scrotum?

Innervation?

A

supply:

  • coats of testes: a. cremasterica (a. epigastrica inf.)
  • scrotum: a. pudenda int.

​drainage:

  • v. pudenda ext. → v. saphena magna
  • v. pudenda int. → v. iliaca int.

innervation:

  • rr. scrotales of n. ilioinguinalis/n. pudendus
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20
Q

Which structures are connected by vas deferens?

How long is it, how thick?

Relate the structure of its wall to its function.

A

connects epididymis + urethra

  • 35 - 40cm long
  • 3mm thick

thick muscular layer → emission of sperms

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21
Q

What are the parts of vas deferens?

A
  1. pars epididymica ductus deferentis in inner aspect of epididymis
  2. pars funiculi spermatici in spermatic cord
  3. pars inguinalis in canalis inguinalis
  4. pars pelvica in lesser pelvis

then:

  • ampulla ductus deferentis before entering prostate
  • ductus ejaculatorius in prostate
  • opens into colliculus seminalis of urethra
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22
Q

Which vessels supply/drain vas deferens?

Innervation?

A

supply:

  • a. ductus deferentis (from a. umbilicalis)

drainage:

  • plexus pampiniformis (cf. scrotal supply/innervation)
  • ​*innervation:
  • symph: plexus hypogastricus inf.
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23
Q

What are the layers of funiculus spermaticus?

A

from innermost to outermost

  1. fascia spermatica int
  2. m. cremaster
  3. fascia spermatica ext.
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24
Q

What are the contents of funiculus spermaticus?

A
  • vas deferens
    • a. ductus deferentis
    • plexus pampiniformis
  • 2 aa. testiculares
  • r. genitalis of n. genitofemoralis
  • parasymph. fibers of plexus testicularis
  • lymph vessels

<strong>​</strong><em>cf. histology flashcards</em>

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25
Q

Which structures accompany funiculus spermaticus?

A
  • n. ilioinguinalis
  • a. cremasterica
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26
Q

What are the 3 accessory sex glands in males?

What is their common function?

A
  • paired gl. vesiculosa
  • paired gl. bulbourethralis (COWPER)
  • prostate

​⇒ produce chief constituent of ejaculate

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27
Q

Where is gl. vesiculosa (= seminal vesical) located?

How big is it?

How much of the ejaculate is produced by it?

A

behind bladder, lateral to ampulla ductus deferentis

  • 5cm long
  • 1cm wide
  • 1cm thick

⇒ produce 50-80% of ejaculate

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28
Q

How is gl. vesiculosa examined?

A

palpable via rectum

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29
Q

Which vessels supply/drain gl. vesiculosa?

A

supply:

  • a. vesicalis inf.
  • a. rectalis med.
  • a. ductus deferentis

​drainage:

  • plexus venosus vesicalis/prostaticus

​innervation:

  • plexus hypogastricus inf.

​<u>only difference btw supply/drainage innervation of gl. vesiculosa/prostate:</u><br></br>- <em>gl. vesiculosa:</em> a. ductus deferentis (since more cran.)<br></br>- prostate: a. pudenda int. (since more caud.)

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30
Q

What are the boundaries of the prostate?

How big is it, weight?

How much of the ejaculate is produced by it?

A

⇒ produces 15 - 30% of the ejaculate containing e.g. acid phosphatase

  • 3cm long, 4cm wide, 2cm thick
  • 20g

boundaries:

  • ant: lig. puboprostaticum to pubic bone
  • post: fascia rectoprostatica (DENONVILLIER) to rectum
  • cran: base attaches to bladder
  • caud: apex is sitting on pelvic diaphragm
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31
Q

Divide the prostate into zones.

A
  • periurethral zone around urethra
  • anteromedial zone anterior part of prostate (no glands)
  • central zone encloses ductus ejaculatorii
  • peripheral zone main mass laterally
  • transitional zone btw central/peripheral zone
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32
Q

Why are the prostatic zones clinically relevant?

A
  • benign prostate hyperplasia develops mainly in central/transitional zone (occurs in 50% of all men over 50)
  • prostate carcinomas develop mainly in peripheral zone

⇒ impairs micturition due to occlusion of urethra

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33
Q

Which vessels supply/drain the prostate?

Innervation?

A

supply:

  • a. rectalis med.
  • a. vesicalis inf.
  • a. pudenda int.

​drainage:

  • plexus vensosus vesicalis/prostaticus

​innervation:

  • plexus hypogastricus inf.

​<u>only difference btw supply/drainage innervation of gl. vesiculosa/prostate:</u><br></br>- gl. vesiculosa: a. ductus deferentis (since more cran.)<br></br>- prostate: a. pudenda int. (since more caud.)

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34
Q

Where are gll. bulbourethrales located?

Another name?

A

COWPER glands on urogenital diaphragm

⇒ lubricate pars spongiosa of urethra

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35
Q

Which 2 structures attach the penis to the body?

A
  • lig. fundiforme penis hooks around penis
  • lig. suspensorium penis attaches at dorsum

⇒ both attach it to abd. wall / symphysis pubica

MNEMONIC: fundiforme = forms a fundus, “holds” penis

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36
Q

Where are the 3 constrictions of the penis?

A
  • ostium urethrea int.
  • pars membranacea
  • ostium urethrae ext.
37
Q

Which gll. can be found in urethra pars spongiosa?

What is their function?

A

gll. urethrales (LITTRE)

⇒ produce a colloid secretion containing glycosaminoglycans protecting the epithelium against urine

38
Q

Which structures form ductus ejaculatorius?

A

ductus deferens (from epididymis) + ductus excretorius (from gl. vesiculosa)

39
Q

1 - 5

A

1) urethra pars intramuralis
2) urethra pars prostatica
3) urethra pars membranacea
4) urethra pars spongiosa
5) ostium ureteris

40
Q

6 - 10

Another name for #10.

A

6) trigonum vesicae
7) colliculus seminalis
8) prostate
9) ductuli prostatici
10) gll. bulbourethrales (COWPER)

41
Q

11 - 15

A

11) crura of penis
12) ductus gll. bulbourothrales
13) corpus cavernosum
14) glans penis
15) preputium

42
Q

16 - 20

A

16) fossa navicularis
17) ostium urethrae ext.
18) corpus bulbospongiosum
19) corona glandis
20) crista urethralis

43
Q

21 - 23

Another name for #23.

A

21) openings of ductuli ejacultorii
22) ostium urethrae int.
23) openings of gll. urethrales (LITTRE)

44
Q

How do you call the condition when the preputium cannot be fully retracted?

A

phimosis

45
Q

Which vessels supply/drain the penis and the accompanied part of the urethra?

Innervation?

A

supply:

  • a. dorsalis penis → skin, preputium, glans
  • a. profunda penis → aa. helicinae → corpora cavernosa
  • a. bulbi penis (from. a. prof. penis) → aa. urethrales → urethra, corpus spongiosum

drainage:

  • v. dorsalis profunda → plexus venosus vesicalis/prostaticus
  • 2 v. dorsalis superficialis → v. pudenda ext. → v. saphena magna
  • v. bulbi penis → v. dorsalis prof.

innervation:

  • sens: n. dorsalis penis (from n. pudendus)
  • plexus hypogastricus inf.
46
Q

1 - 5

A

1) corpus cavernosum
2) corpus spongiosum
3) urethra
4) septum penis
5) tunica albuginea

47
Q

6 - 10

Another name for #6.

A

6) fascia penis (BUCK)
7) subcutis
8) cutis
9) a. prof. penis
10) v. dorsalis prof. penis

48
Q

11 - 13

A

11) v. dorsalis sup. penis
12) a. dorsalis penis
13) a. bulbi penis

49
Q

Explain the function of Viagra®.

A

Viagra® = inhibitor of phosphodiesterase
→ slower decomposition of cGMP

50
Q

Explain the process of erection.

A
  1. stimulation of erection center in S3
  2. parasymp. innervation releases acteylcholine
  3. endothelial cells of a. helicinae/corpora cavernosa release NO → diffuses into smooth m.
  4. activates guanylate cyclase → production of cGMP
  5. relaxation of smooth m. of corpora cavernosa → vasodilation of aa. helicinae in corpora cavernosa
  6. filled corpora cause compression of v. dorsalis prof. penis against tunica albuginea → no venous drainage
  7. erection due to increasing pressure in corpora cavernosa (∽ 10x → 1,200 mmHg)
51
Q

What is priapism?

What might be a cause?

A

condition where penis doesn’t return to its flaccid state

e.g some types of leucemia can cause problems in the blood circulation of the penis

52
Q

Which nn. cause the emission of semen from vas deferens into the urethra?

A

symph. ejaculation center in L2/3

53
Q

What is responsible for ejaculation?

A

rhythmic contraction of m. bulbospongiosus

1) parasymp. erection centers in S3→ erection<br></br>2) symp. emission centers in L2/3 → emission<br></br>3) <strong>n. pudendus</strong> → ejaculation

54
Q

Differentiate btw 2 types of potency.

A

potentia coeundi = being able to have sex

potentia generundi = being able to reproduce

⇒ if both: fertile

55
Q

Which structures belong to the external female genetalia?

Another name?

What is their common function?

A

also: vulva

  • mons pubis
  • labia majora pudendi
  • labia minora pudendi
  • clitoris
  • vestibulum vaginae
  • gll. vestibulares majores/minores

⇒ protection, sexual arousal, lubrication

56
Q

Which structures belong to the internal female genetalia?

What is their function?

A
  • vagina
  • uterus
  • ovaries
  • tubae uterinae

​⇒ reproduction, birth

57
Q

Which structures are referred to as adnexa?

A

tubae uterinae + ovaries

58
Q

Explain the structure of the clitoris.

A

similar to penis

  • 2 corpora cavernosa covered by fascia clitoridis + m. ischiocavernosus
    • ​form crura + corpus + glans clitoridis
    • seperated by a septum
  • attached to symphysis pubica by lig. suspensorium clitoridis
59
Q

What do labia majora/minora consist of?

What are they continuous with?

A

labia majora pudendi:

  • adipose tissue + venous plexuses
  • contain ligg. teretes uteri (cf. female perineum)
  • continuous w/ commissurae labiorum

​labia minora pudendi:

  • conn. tissue + sebaceous glands
  • continuous w/ frenulum clitoridis → preputium clitoridis, frenulum labiorum
60
Q

1 - 5

A

1) mons pubis
2) labium majus pudendi
3) labium minus pudendi
4) commissura labiorum ant.
5) commissura labiorum post.

61
Q

6 - 10

A

6) frenulum labiorum pudendi
7) carunculae hymenales
8) rugae vaginales
9) crista urethralis vaginae
10) ostium urethrae ext.

62
Q

11 - 14

Another name for #14.

A

11) frenulum clitoridis
12) glans clitoridis
13) preputium clitoridis
14) projection of gl. vestibularis maj. (BARTHOLIN)

63
Q

Which structures open into vestibulum vaginae?

A

urethra + vagina + BARTHOLIN gll.

64
Q

How do you call the opening to the vagina?

A

ostium/introitus vaginae

65
Q

Which vessels supply/drain the vulva?

Innervation?

A

supply:

  • a. pudenda int.
    • rr. labiales post. → labia minora
    • a. bulbi vestibuli → bulbus vestibuli
    • a. profunda clitoridis → crus clitoridis
    • a. dorsalis clitoridis → glans clitoridis
    • rr. labiales ant. → labia majora

drainage:

  • v. pudenda int.
    • ​corpus/glans → v. dorsalis prof. clitoridis → plexus venosus vesicalis
  • v. pudenda ext.
    • ​​​v. dorsalis sup. clitoridis
    • vv. labiales ant.

​innervation:

  • sens: nn. labiales ant from n. ilioinguinalis, nn. labiales post./n. dorsalis clit. from n. pudendus
  • plexus hypogastricus inf.
66
Q

How do you call the part of the vagina surrounding the entrance to the uterus?

Why is it clinically relevant?

A

fornix vaginae

  • pars ant.
  • pars. post.
  • pars lat.

⇒ excavatio rectuoterina (DOUGLAS pouch) is palpable via pars post. of fornix

67
Q

Which vessels supply/drain the vagina?

Innervation?

A

supply:

  • a. vaginalis (from a. iliaca int.)
  • rr. vaginales (from a. uterina)
  • a. vesicalis inf.
  • a. rectalis med.

​drainage:

  • plexus venosus vagina → v. iliaca int.

innervation:

  • sens: n. pudendus
  • plexus uterovaginalis
68
Q

Explain the peritoneal relation of the different parts of the uterus, tuba uterina, and ovary.

A

corpus = intraperitoneal

cervix = subperitoneal

tuba uterina = intraperitoneal

ovary = intraperitoneal

69
Q

Differentiate btw peri-, para-, meso-, myo- and endometrium.

A
  • mesometrium = part of lig. latum that attaches at margo uteri
  • parametrium = fibrous structure connecting cervix to bladder, sacrum, wall of pelvis, inguinal canal
  • perimetrium = peritoneum covering rest of uterus
  • mesometrium = muscular layer of uterus
  • endometrium = mucous membrane of uterus
70
Q

1 - 5

Another name for #2.

What is the difference btw #4 and #5 besides their location?

A

1) excavatio vesicouterina
2) excavatio rectouterina (DOUGLAS pouch)
3) corpus uteri
4) cervix uteri - portio supravaginalis → attached to parametrium = paracervix
5) cervix uteri - portio vaginalis

71
Q

6 - 10

Another name for #10.

A

6) endometrium
7) myometrium
8) perimetrium
9) fornix post. vaginae
10) ostium anatomicum uteri int. (= internal os)

72
Q

11 - 15

Another name for #11, 13, 15.

A

11) ostium uteri (= external os)
12) cavitas uteri
13) spatium retropubicum (RETZIUS)
14) isthmus uteri
15) facies intestinalis/post.

73
Q

16 - β

Another name for #16.

⍺ and β are pointing at the angles.

A

16) facies vesicalis/ant.

⍺) angle of anteflexio

β) angle of anteversio

74
Q

1 - 5

A

1) lig. ovarii proprium
2) lig. teres uteri
3) mesometrium
4) mesovarium
5) mesosalpinx

75
Q

6 - 10

A

6) lig. latum
7) lig. suspensorium ovarii
8) lig. cardinale
9) cervix portio supravaginalis
10) cervix portio vaginalis

76
Q

11 - 15

Another name for #11.

A

11) pars uterina tubae (= intramural part)
12) isthumus tubae uterinae
13) ampulla tubae uterinae
14) infundibulum tubae uterinae
15) fimbriae

77
Q

16 - 20

A

16) ureter
17) a./v. iliaca int.
18) a./v. uterina
19) r. vaginalis a. ut.
20) r. helicanus a. ut.

78
Q

21 - 24

A

21) r. tubarius a. ut.
22) r. ovarius a. ut.
23) a./v. ovarica
24) plexus ovaricus

79
Q

Describe the course of lig. teres uteri.

A

tubal angle → canalis inguinalis → labium majus

80
Q

Which structure(s) mainly support(s) the uterus?

A

pelvic diaphragm, not ligg.

81
Q

Which vessels supply/drain the uterus?

Innervation?

A

supply:

  • rr. helicini of a. uterina

drainage:

  • vv. uterinae → plexus venosus uterinus → vv. iliacae int.

innervation:

  • plexus uterovaginalis (from plexus hypogastricus inf.) (= FRANKENHÄUSER’s ganglion)
82
Q

What can happen in case of a tubal pregnancy?

What is a common cause?

A

inflammational stenosis in tuba → embryo remains in tuba → grows → rupture + critical bleedings

83
Q

Where else does the tuba open into?

A

peritoneal cavity via ostium abdominale

84
Q

Which vessels supply/drain the tuba uterina?

Innervation?

A

supply:

  • a. ovarica
  • r. tubarius (from a. uterina)

drainage:

  • plexus venosus uterinus → v. iliaca int.

innervation:

  • plexus ovaricus
  • plexus hypogastricus
85
Q

How are the superior/inferior pole, and ant. and post. border of the ovary called?

Does anything attach?

A
  • superior pole = extremitas tubaria, lig. suspsensorium ovarii attached
  • inferior pole = extremitas uterina, lig. ovarii proprium attached
  • ant. border = margo liber
  • post. border = margo mesovaricus, mesovarium attached
86
Q

Which vessels/nerves lie adjacent to the ovary?

Why are they clinically relevant?

A
  • ureter dorsally
  • a. umbilicalis caudally
  • a./n. obturatorius caudally

⇒ inflammation of ovary can radiate pain up to the inner surface of the thigh

87
Q

Which vessels supply/drain the ovary?

Innervation?

A

supply:

  • a. ovarica (via lig. suspensorium ovarii)
  • r. ovaricus of a. uterina

drainage:

  • vv. ovaricae
    • → left into v. renalis
    • → right into v. cava inf.

​innervation:

  • ​plexus ovaricus
88
Q

Explain the 4 phases of sexual reaction.

A
  1. phase of sexual arousal:
    • stimulation of clitoris
    • ​​gl. vestibulares lubricate introitus vag.
    • corpora cav. + glans swell due to vasocongestion (filling w/ venous blood) + increase of muscle tone
  2. plateau phase:
    • widening of sup. portion of vagina
    • orgasmic platform (due to vasocongestion) in inf. portion of vagina
  3. orgasmic phase:
    • ​​​​contraction of orgasmic platform, uterus + pelvic diaphragm
  4. phase of dissolution:
    • ​​organs return to initial state

Anatomy II (13 decks)

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