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Anatomy year 2 semester1 > Week 5 Lungs and Trachea > Flashcards

Week 5 Lungs and Trachea Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Vital organs of respiration

main function is to oxygenate blood

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2
Q

What seperates the two lungs?

A

the heart, great vessels and other viscera in the mediastinum

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3
Q

What is the Pleura?

A

Connective tissue that forms a closed sac called the pleural sac

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4
Q

What are the layers of the pleura?

A

Outer parietal layer (lines the thoracic cage, diaphragm and media stinum

Inner visceral layer:
Lines the lungs

Thin layer exists between the two

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5
Q

Where do the two layers of pleura become continuous with each other?

A

at the root of the lung

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6
Q

What defines the right lung from the left?

A 
heavier
Larger
shorter (right dome of diapragm sits higher)
wider (heart bulging on left)
Horizontal fissure
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7
Q

What defines the left lung from the right?

A

Has a deep cardiac notch on the superior lobe of the left lung

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8
Q

What are lung fissures

A

lungs are divided into lobes by fissures
They are grooves on the surface of an organmarking it into divisions
They extend from the surface of the lungs to the hilum, sometimes not complete

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9
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

two

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10
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

three

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11
Q

How are the lobes of the lungs divided further into segments?

A

by the divisions of the bronchi that supply them

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12
Q

What are the lungs covered in?

A

Cervical pleura

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13
Q

How many surfaces of the lungs are there and what are they?

A 
Costal surface (adjacent to sternum,costal cartilages and ribs)
Mediastinal surface (relates to the mediastinum and vertebrae and includes the hilum)
Diaphragmatic surface (rests on the convex dome of the diaphragm)
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14
Q

where does the costal surface lie? What else constitutes the costal surface?

A

adjacent to the sternum, costal cartilages and ribs
it is large, smooth and convex
separates the ribs from the costal cartilages and intercostal muscles by pleura
posteriorly it relates to the thoracic vertebrae

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15
Q

Where does the mediastinal surface lie? What else constitutes to this surface?

A

Relates to the mediastinum containing the the heart and the pericardium
has a pericardial cavity which is deeper in the left lung
is the location of the hilum and the root of the lung as well as pleural sleeve covering
it is the point at which the following structures leave and enter the lung:
main bronchus
pulmonary vessels
bronchial vessels
lymphatic vessels
nerves

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16
Q

How is the root of the lung formed?

A 
by the following structures that pass through the hilum;
main bronchus
pulmonary vessels
bronchial vessels
lymphatic vessels
nerves

the root of the lung is also enclosed in a pleural sleeve

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17
Q

What structures are found on the mediastinal surface?

A 
groove for the oesophagus
Cardiac impression (for heart)
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18
Q

difference in mediastinal surface in right and left lung?

A

Left has a reater cardiac impression
left has a prominant continuous groove for the aortic arch and descending thoracic aorta
also has a smaller groove for the oesophagus

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19
Q

details about the diaphragmatic surface?

A

Is concave
forms the base of the lung
rests on the dome of the diaphragm
has a deeper concavity due to the liver

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20
Q

How many lung borders are there and what are they called?

A

3;
Anterior
inferior
posterior

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21
Q

What forms the anterior border? What does it overlap?

A

The costal and mediastinal surfaces anteriorly

Overlaps the heart

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22
Q

What forms the inferior border?

A

Circumscribes the diaphragmatic surface of the lung, separates this durface from the mediastinal and costal surfaces

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23
Q

What forms the posterior border? Where does it lie?

A

where the costal and mediastinal surfaces meet posteriorlrly

lies either side of the thoracic vertebral column

24
Q

What is the arterial supply to the lung?

A

Left and right pulmonary arteries (oxygenate deoxygenated blood and contribute to the root of the lung)
These give off their first branch to the superior lobe before entering the hilum
Within the lung they divide further into lobar and segmental branches
arteries and bronchi are paired in the lungs

25
Q

What is the venous supply to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart from the lungs
run independently from the arteries

26
Q

Bronchial arteries:

A

Supply the structures that comprise the root of the lung, the supporting tissues and pleura

27
Q

Where do the left bronchial arteries arise?

A

From the thoracic aorta (usually 2)

28
Q

Where does the right bronchial artery arise?

A

from either;
the thoracic aorta
the superior posterior intercostal artery
the common trunk with left superior bronchial artery

29
Q

What is the function of the bronchial veins?

A

Drain part of the blood supplied to the lungs by the bronchial arteries
Right by azygos veins
Left by accessory azygos vein

30
Q

Nerve supply to the lungs?

A

Parasympathetic:
Vagus

Sympathetic:
T1-T6 by cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

31
Q

Where are the lower borders of the lungs found anteriorly, laterally (within the mid axillary line) and posteriorly?

A 
Anteriorly (midclavicular line):
6th rib
Laterally (midaxillary line):
8th rib
Posteriorly:
10th rib
(the pleural sits 2 spaces lower)
32
Q

Where does the hilum sit?

A

behind 3rd and 4th costal cartilages at the sternal margins

level of T5-T7 vertebrae

33
Q

Where are the oblique fissures?

A

Fissures formed by the line from the Spinous process of T3 to T6 rib in the mid clavicular line

34
Q

Where are the Horizontal fissures?

A

found on the right 4th costal cartilage, meets the oblique fissure in the mid axillary line

35
Q

Where is the trachea?

A

Extends from the larynx into the thoraxwhere it divides into left and right main bronchi

Inferior end of the larynx (C6 just below the cricoid cartilage) to the angle of Louis (T4-T5) IV disc

36
Q

What is the function of the trachea? How long is it?

A

Is a passage for air to the lungs 10cm long, may lengthen to 15cm during inspiration

37
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A large section of hyaline cartilaginous tube which is supported by incomplete cartilagenous rings (tracheal rings)

38
Q

Where does the trachea divide into left and right bronchi?

A

At the transverse thoracic plane

39
Q

What sits in relation to the trachea?

A 
Laterally:
Common carotid arteries
Brachiocephallic trunk (on the right)
Anteriorly:
isthmus of the thyroid gland
inferior thyroid veins
Posteriorly:
oesophagus
40
Q

What epithelium does the trachea have?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

41
Q

What is the blood supply to the trachea?

A

Inferior thyroid arteries
bronchial arteries
(these anastomose at the tracheal wall)
Veins drain into the inferior thyroid plexus (left at the braciocephallic vein)

42
Q

Where do the main bronchi run?

A

Pass inferomlaterally from the bifurcation of the trachea to the hila of each lung

43
Q

What to the bronchi contain?

A

c shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings

44
Q

Right main bronchus

A

is wider, shorter and runs more vertically than the left and passes directly to the lung

45
Q

Left main bronchus

A

passes inferolaterally
passes inferior to the arch of the aorta
anterior to the oesophagus and thoracic aorta
then passes into the hilum of the lung

46
Q

What happens to the bronchi when they enter the hilum

A

They branch to form the bronchial tree

47
Q

What do the main bronchi branch into?

A

Lobar (or secondary) bronchi

48
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there?

A

5:
2 on the left
3 on the right
(each supplies the corresponding lobe)

49
Q

What do lobar bronchi divide into?

A 
segmental bronchi (pyramidal in shape, separated by ajoining segments by connective tissue)
Each segment is supplied independently by a tertiary bronchus and artery
50
Q

What do segmental bronchi divide into?

A

Terminal bronchioles

51
Q

What do terminal bronchioles divide into?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

52
Q

What do respiratory bronchioles give off?

A

2-5 alveolar ducts which give rise to 5-6 alveolar sacs

53
Q

What are all the segments of the bronchi?

A 
Main bronchus (or primary)
Lobar bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sac
Alveoli
54
Q

What is the arterial supply to the trachea

A

Bronchial arteries
(usually 3, 2 on left and 1 on right)
Left bronchial arteries arise from the left aspect of the thoracic aorta
Right bronchial arteries arise off either;
Thoracic aorta
superior posterior intercostal artery
common trunk with the left superior lobal bronchial artery

55
Q

Bronchial veins

A

Are a superficial system
Drain the hila region and visceral pleura
drain into the azygos vein on the right
Drain into the accessory azygos on the left
deep veins drain into a main pulmonary vein or directly into the left atrium

Anatomy year 2 semester1 (12 decks)

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