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Drew 923 > 3_7Vitamins > Flashcards

3_7Vitamins Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What are the forms of Vitamin A?

A

retinol and beta-carotene

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2
Q

How are retinol and beta-carotene related?

A

beta-carotene is precursor to retinol

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3
Q

Where is retinol found?

A

animal products (dairy, liver, fish oils, egg yolk

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4
Q

Where is beta-carotene found?

A

bright veggies/fruits, grean leafy veggies

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5
Q

What is the RDA of Vitamin A?

A

700 mcg RAE/day for women; 900 mcg RAE/day for men

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6
Q

How many RAE’s is 1 IU retinol

A

0.3

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7
Q

How many IU’s of beta-carotene equal 1 IU retinol (using RAEs)?

A

2 IU b-c from food; 6 IU b-c from supplementation

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8
Q

What is the UL of Vitamin A?

A

3000 mcg RAE/day

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9
Q

What is March of Dimes’ recommendation on the UL of Vitamin A?

A

less than 5000 IU retinol/day for pregnant patients; no limit on beta-carotene

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10
Q

What are the effects of too much retinol in pregnant patients?

A

cleft palate, heart defects, hydrocephalus

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11
Q

What is Vitamin A used for?

A

1) musculoskeletal growth, 2) tooth development, 3) vision development, 4) immune function

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?

A

1) xerophthalmia and poor night vision, 2) decreased immune function, 3) slowed growth

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13
Q

What deficiency may also be present with Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Zn since it’s required for RBP

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14
Q

What is the RDA of Vitamin D?

A

600 IU/day; if 70+ then 800 IU/day

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15
Q

What is the UL of Vitamin D?

A

4000 IU

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16
Q

What is the mcg to IU conversion for Vitamin D?

A

100 IU = 2.5 mcg

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17
Q

What blood concentration of Vitamin D = toxicity?

A

greater than 50 ng/mL

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18
Q

What blood concentration of Vitamin D = deficiency?

A

less than 20 ng/mL

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19
Q

What are the effects of vitamin D toxicity?

A

1) hypercalcemia, 2) N/V, 3) constipation, 4) weakness, 5) weight loss

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20
Q

How much will 100 IU of Vitamin D change its blood concentration?

A

1 ng/mL

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21
Q

How much sun exposure will provide adequate amounts of Vitamin D?

A

10-15 minutes 2x/week to give 1000 IU/exposure

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22
Q

What are the effects of vitamin d deficiency?

A

bone problems

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23
Q

What are the forms of Vitamin D?

A

natural = d-alpha-tocopherol; synthetic = dI-alpha-tocopherol

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24
Q

What is the name for natural Vitamin E?

A

d-alpha-tocopherol

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25
What is the name for synthetic vitamin E?
dI-alpha-tocopherol
26
What is the RDA of Vitamin E?
15-19 mg/day of natural
27
What is the UL of Vitamin E?
1000 mg/day of natural
28
What is the IU to mg conversion for Vitamin E?
1.5 IU = 1 mg
29
How are natural and synthetic Vitamin E related?
1.5 synthetic = 1 natural
30
Where is Vitamin E found?
1) veggie oils, 2) nuts/seeds, 3) wheat germ, 4) fortified foods
31
What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
1) nerve/muscle degeneration, 2) dry skin/hair, 3) impaired wound healing
32
When do Vitamin E deficiencies occur?
rarely, but mainly in fat malabsorption
33
What are the symptoms of Vitamin E toxicity?
increased bleeding, fatigue, GI symptoms
34
What are the forms of Vitamin K?
K1, K2, K3
35
What is K1 and what are its sources?
phytonadione; dark green leafy veggies and broccoli
36
What is K2 and what is its source?
menaquinone; organ meats and eggs
37
What is K3 and what is its source?
menadione; synthetic (and water-soluble!), but not a supplement
38
What is the AI of vitamin K?
90 - 120 mcg/day
39
What is the UL of vitamin K?
none
40
What are the functions of Vitamin K?
synthesis of clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10; synthesis of anticoag proteins C and S
41
What are the symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency?
bruising and bleeding (only common in newborns)
42
What are the symptoms of vitamin K toxicity?
nontoxic, except K3 may cause hemolytic anemia
43
What are the interactions common to all fat-soluble vitamins?
absorption decreased by bile acid sequestrants, orlistat, mineral oil
44
What is Wernicke's encephalopathy?
neurological symptoms associated with excess EtOH
45
What is Korsakoff syndrome?
neurological symptoms of amnesia, blackouts, and apathy
46
Where is Vitamin B1 found?
fortified foods, lean meats, fish, beans, milk
47
How does B1 deficiency present?
in 14 days - 1) wernicke's, 2) korsakoff, 3) beriberi
48
What is the RDA of B1
1.1 - 1.4 mg/day
49
What is the UL of Vitamin B1
none, not toxic
50
What is the function of B1?
cofactor in CHO/AA metabolism
51
What is the function of B2?
flavoprotein precursor; vision and skin; antioxidant
52
What are sources of B2?
fortified foods, nuts, green leafy vegetables
53
What is the RDA of B2?
1.1 - 1.6 mg/day
54
What are the symptoms of B2 deficiency?
chapped lips, oily/scaly rashes
55
What is the UL of B2?
not toxic
56
B1
thiamine
57
B2
riboflavin
58
B3
niacin
59
B6
pyridoxine
60
B9
folic acid
61
B12
cobalamin
62
What is the function of B3?
NAD/NADP and lipid management
63
What are sources of B3?
fortified foods, dairy, poultry, fish, meat, nuts, eggs
64
What are the various supplied forms of B3?
nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
65
What is the RDA of B3?**
14-18 mg/day**
66
What is the UL of B3?**
30-35 mg/day
67
What are the symptoms of B3 deficiency?
3 D's - dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea = pellagra
68
What are the symptoms of B3 toxicity?
if more than 50 mg/day = itching, burning, pain, flushing
69
When are large doses of B3 used?
1500 - 2000 mg used to decrease cholesterol
70
How can ADRs of B3 dosing be prevented?
increase dose gradually; ASA 325 30-45 mins before may decrease flushing
71
What is the function of B6?
cofactor important for immune and nervous function
72
What are sources of B6?
legumes, nuts, eggs, fortified foods
73
What is the RDA of B6?
1.2 - 2 mg/day
74
What are the symptoms of B6 deficiency?
dermatitis, glossitis, depression, confusion, seizures; inhibited synthesis of melatonin
75
What is the UL of B6?
80-100 mg/day
76
What are the symptoms of B6 toxicity?
peripheral neuropathies and sensory ataxia if > 500 mg/day
77
**What is the RDA of B9?
400-600 mcg/day (4g if previous neural tube defect pregnancy)
78
What is the UL of B9?
1000 mcg/day
79
How are dietary and supplement forms of B9 interconverted?
1 mcg dietary = 0.6 mcg supplement/fortified
80
What is a DFE?
dietary folate equivalent
81
What is the function of B9?
RBC maturation, purines/pyrimidines, SAM, fetal neurons
82
What are sources of B9?
green leafy veggies, fruits, organ meats, fortified foods
83
What are the symptoms of B9 toxicity?
nontoxic, but can mask B12 deficiency
84
**What are the symptoms of folate deficiency?
**1) megaloblastic anemia WITHOUT neuro symptoms, 2) poor growth
85
What is the function of B12?
DNA production, myelin, energy metabolism, RBC production
86
What are sources of B12?
eggs, meat, poultry, shellfish, milk (no veggie things!)
87
What is the RDA of B12?
2.4-2.8 mcg/day
88
What are the symptoms of B12 toxicity?
none
89
**What are the symptoms of B12 deficiency?
3-5 years stored in liver, but: 1) *megaloplastic anemia *WITH ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, 2) constipation, 3) weight loss
90
What is the function of vitamin C?
1) antioxidant, 2) cell growth, 3) impaired wound healing, 4) collagen formation, 5) immune
91
What are sources of vitamin C?
citrus and strawberries, tomatoes and peppers
92
What is the RDA of vitamin C?
75-120 mg/day, +35 if smoker
93
What are the symptoms of Vit. C deficiency?
scurvy (less than 10 mg/day): dry skin/hair, gingivitis, fragility, atherosclerosis
94
What is the UL of vitamin C?
1.8 - 2 g/day
95
**What are the symptoms of Vitamin C toxicity?
**1) kidney stones, 2) nausea/GI upset, 3) skin rashes
96
Which vitamins have an RDA?
all except K
97
Which vitamins have an AI?
K
98
Which vitamins have no UL?
K, B1, B2, B12

Drew 923 (28 decks)

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