3C- DNA Translate and Transcription

Question 1

Similarities and differences between RNA & DNA

Answer 1

Similarities:
Both are nucleic acids
Both carry genetic information:
They both have a sugar backbone
They both have phosphate groups
They share three common nitrogenous bases:
Differences:
Sugar: DNA uses deoxyribose sugar, while RNA uses ribose sugar.
Strand structure: DNA is typically double-stranded, while RNA is typically single-stranded.
Nitrogenous bases: RNA contains uracil while DNA contains thymine
Location and function: DNA is primarily found in the nucleus, while RNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm and is involved in protein synthesis and other cellular processes.

Question 2

mRNA function

Answer 2

carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized

Question 3

tRNA function

Answer 3

to translate the genetic code in messenger RNA (mRNA) into a sequence of amino acids, which are then linked together to form a protein

Question 4

rRNA function

Answer 4

facilitate protein synthesis by binding to mRNA and tRNA, and catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

Question 5

RNA Synthesis-location & function of transcription

Answer 5

In eukaryotes, this process occurs in the nucleus, while in prokaryotes, it happens in the cytoplasm. The main function of transcription is to produce RNA molecules, which include mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, that play crucial roles in gene expression and protein synthesis

Question 6

DNA coding region starts after the promoter

Answer 6

additional info: typically on the 3’ end

Question 7

Location & function of promoter

Answer 7

a region of DNA upstream of a gene where relevant proteins (such as RNA polymerase and transcription factors) bind to initiate transcription of that gene

Question 8

RNA Polymerase

Answer 8

synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during the process of transcription

(adds RNA)

Question 9

intron

Answer 9

a segment of non-coding DNA within a gene that is transcribed into RNA but is removed during RNA splicing before the RNA is translated into a protein

Question 10

exon

Answer 10

protein-coding segments within a gene that are present in the final, mature messenger RNA transcript.

Question 11

Cap

Answer 11

he 5’ cap is a modified guanine nucleotide (G) added to the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA molecule during transcription.
This modification protects the mRNA from degradation and helps in its proper processing.
It also facilitates the binding of translation initiation factors, ensuring efficient translation.

Question 12

Poly A Tail

Answer 12

a sequence of adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of a newly synthesized messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during RNA processing in eukaryotic cells. This addition enhances mRNA stability, facilitates its export from the nucleus, and improves translation efficienc

Question 13

RNA Polymerase vs DNA Polymerase

Answer 13

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA molecules from a DNA template, while DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA molecules from a DNA template

Question 14

Direction RNA Polymerase moves in

Answer 14

3’ to 5’

Question 15

Template strand

Answer 15

one of the two strands of DNA that serves as the blueprint for RNA synthesis during transcription

Question 16

Coding strand

Answer 16

the strand that has the same sequence as the RNA transcript produced during transcription, except with uracil (U) in RNA instead of thymine (T) in DNA

Question 17

Location & function of translation

Answer 17

ribosomes in the cytoplasm use mRNA to synthesize proteins

creates amino acids that turns into proteins

Question 18

Molecules involved in protein synthesis

Answer 18

mRNA carries the genetic code for a specific protein, rRNA forms ribosomes (the sites of protein synthesis), and tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome to build the protein.

Question 19

Codon

Answer 19

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

Question 20

Anti-codon

Answer 20

a three-nucleotide sequence within a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule

Question 21

Polypeptide chain

Answer 21

a long chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

basic building blocks of proteins

Question 22

A site

Answer 22

The A-site is the entry point for charged tRNAs, which are tRNAs that have an amino acid attached

Question 23

P site

Answer 23

The P-site binds the tRNA that is carrying the growing polypeptide chai

Question 24

E-site

Answer 24

the location where uncharged tRNA is released after it has delivered its amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain during translation

Question 25

Central Dogma

Answer 25

describes the flow of genetic information within cells from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 26

Point mutations

Answer 26

occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed

Question 27

frameshift mutations

Answer 27

a type of genetic mutation where the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs in a DNA sequence alters the reading frame of the genetic code, leading to a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein

Question 28

chromosomal mutations

Answer 28

involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

Question 29

gene mutation vs chromosome mutations

Answer 29

gene mutations affect changes within a single gene, while chromosomal mutations involve changes in entire chromosomes