Unit 3D-cell cycle Flashcards
What are the reasons why individual cells must divide?
Larger cells face problems such as:
* Inefficient nutrient uptake
* Difficulty in waste removal
* Limitations in DNA replication
What is the result of cell division in unicellular organisms?
Reproduction, resulting in two separate organisms
What is the result of cell division in multicellular organisms?
Growth, development, and tissue repair
How does chromatin condense into chromosomes?
The DNA coils around histones to form nucleosomes, which then coil and supercoil to become chromosomes
What happens during the cell cycle?
The cell undergoes phases of growth, DNA replication, and division
What is the difference between a chromosome and chromatids?
Chromatids are the duplicated halves of a chromosome, connected by a centromere
What are the phases of mitosis?
The phases include:
* Prophase
* Metaphase
* Anaphase
* Telophase
What is cytokinesis?
The process that divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells
What is the main difference between animal and plant cell cytokinesis?
Animal cells form a cleavage furrow; plant cells form a cell plate
What regulates the cell cycle?
Internal and external regulators
What are internal regulators of the cell cycle?
Cyclin proteins
they regulate the timing and speed of the cell cycle
What are external regulators of the cell cycle?
Growth factors
they stimulate cell growth, division, and proliferation by binding to cell surface receptor
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division and growth
What is the behavior of a cancer cell?
Cancer cells divide uncontrollably and can invade other tissues
What causes the abnormal behavior of cancer cells?
Mutations in genes that control cell growth and division
What is a tumor?
A mass of tissue formed by abnormal cell growth
What is a benign tumor?
A non-cancerous tumor that does not spread
What is a malignant tumor?
A cancerous tumor that invades surrounding tissues
What is metastasis?
The spread of cancer cells to distant parts of the body
What are the treatment types for cancer?
Treatment types include:
* Surgery
* Radiation therapy
* Chemotherapy
What is cell differentiation?
The process by which stem cells develop into specific types of body cells
What happens in prophase?
chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form, preparing the cell for division
What happens in metaphase?
the cell’s duplicated chromosomes, which are at their most condensed state, align along the center of the cell at the metaphase plate, ensuring proper separation of sister chromatids in the subsequent anaphase
What happens in anaphase?
sister chromatids, which were previously joined, separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the shortening of microtubules, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes
