4. Communication & Perception

Question 1

An Interpersonal gap is a gap between what the s____ i____ to c____ and what the l____ p____

Answer 1

Sender intends, communicate
Listener perceives

Question 2

Within an interpersonal gap, the sender’s intention is what the sender wishes to c____. They have p____ k____ on what this is which they e____ into verbal and non-verbal actions that are p____ and o____. This process has potential i____ including the sender’s m____, s____ s____ and d____ in the e____.

Answer 2

convey
private knowledge
encode
public, observable
interference, mood, social skills, distractions, environment

Question 3

Within an interpersonal gap, the receiver must d____ the speaker’s a____ which encounters p____ i____. The i____ of the information is p____.

Answer 3

decode
actions
potential interference
interpretation
private

Question 4

Communication is m____: people can only say o____ w____ at a time, yet they can send n____ c____

Answer 4

multimodal
one word
numerous cues

Question 5

When there is d____ between verbal and non-verbal communication, the t____ in one’s words usually lies in their n____-v____ communication

Answer 5

discrepancy
truth
non-verbal

Question 6

Non-verbal communication includes e____ and g____, b____ movements, p____ and interpersonal d____.

Answer 6

eyes, gazing
body movemengts
paralanguage (e.g. pitch, volume)
Interpersonal distance

Question 7

Facial expressions can do many different things including:
1. I____
2. M____
3. N____
4. M____

Answer 7

Intensify (amplify), so that we appear to be experiencing stronger feelings than we really are.
Minimize (suppress)
Neutralize (hide/withhold from showing true emotions all together)
Mask: show different emotion

Question 8

Facial expressions are hard to c____, the t____ often l____ out. This is called m____ (a____ f____ of our r____ emotions)

Answer 8

control
truth, leaks
micro expressions
authentic flashes, real

Question 9

verbal communication is a v____ part of communication and is extensively involved in d____ c____

Answer 9

vital
developing closeness

Question 10

An experiment into self-disclosure showed that revealing p____ i____ to someone else g____ c____

Answer 10

personal information
generates closeness

Question 11

Research into self-disclosure has shown that we tend to like people who disclose p____ i____ to us. We also like people more after w____ h____ d____.

Answer 11

personal information
we have disclosed

Question 12

In Aron’s “fast-friends procedure”, pts in c____ g____ task felt closer than those engaging in s____-t____ or u____ g____-a____ task

Answer 12

closeness generation
small-talk
unstructured getting-acquainted

Question 13

Disclosure can be “t____ m____ t____ s____” - partners are better off being p____ and taking it in t____ to disclose

Answer 13

too much too soon
patient
turns

Question 14

Closeness develops based on:
1. M____ d____
2. Other responds with i____ and e____
3. Other p____ as r____

Answer 14

1. Meaningful disclosure
2. interest and empathy
3. perceived as responsive

Question 15

Responsiveness can be defined as a____ and s____ r____ of one person’s n____ and i____ by another

Answer 15

attentive and supportive recognition
needs and interests

Question 16

Perceived partner responsiveness includes aspects like feeling u____, v____, r____, v____ and c____ for

Answer 16

understood, valued, respected, validated, cared for

Question 17

Partner responsiveness is the basis of s____, w____-f____ and h____ s____ relationships

Answer 17

secure, well-functioning, highly satisfying

Question 18

Research has concluded that we are “m____” accurate at perceiving other people, with an average correlation of .__ between what one person reports and another observes. This leaves a lot of r____ for i____.

Answer 18

moderately
.32
room for interpretation

Question 19

Positive illusions mean seeing through r____-c____ g____

Answer 19

rose-coloured glasses

Question 20

Attributions mean e____ we use to u____ each other’s b____

Answer 20

explanations
understand
behaviour

Question 21

Attributions can be i____ or e____

Answer 21

Internal (cause is due to the person)
External (cause is due to something else)

Question 22

S____ influences attributions of partners’ behaviour.
S____ people make internal attributions for partners’ good behaviour, external for partners’ bad behaviour. U____ people make external attributions for partners’ good behaviour, internal for partners’ bad behaviour.

Answer 22

Satisfaction
Satisfied
Unsatisfied

Question 23

Attributions also affect s____. People who make internal attributions for partners’ good behaviour, external attributions for partners’ bad behaviour become h____ (r____ e____).
People who make external attributions for partners’ good behaviour, internal attributions for partners’ bad behaviour become more u____ (d____ m____).

Answer 23

satisfaction
happier
(relationship enhancing)
unhappy
(distress maintaining)

Question 24

Positive illusions involves e____ partner’s p____ qualities and m____ f____

Answer 24

emphasising
positive
minimising faults

Question 25

We judge partners more f____ than they judge themselves

Answer 25

favourably

Question 26

Advantages of positive illusions include: 1. Related to increased r____ s____ and s____ 2. Give b____ of the d____ 3. M____ c____ 4. Partner feels g____ and m____ s____

Answer 26

1. relationship satisfaction and stability 2. benefit of the doubt 3. minimise conflict 4. good and more secure

Question 27

Positive illusions may lead to our partners f____ p____: they may "l____ u____" to our i____ i____ of them

Answer 27

Partners fulfilling prophecy live up idealised image (over time come to see self more positively (Murry & Holmes) and actually change to live up to our idealized image)

Question 28

Positive illusions being beneficial depends on how u____ the illusions are. M____ illusions smooth s____ i____, m____ illusions m____ problems. Partner's may feel p____ to live up to ideals

Answer 28

unrealistic minor, social interactions major, minimise pressure

Question 29

Positive illusions are more beneficial than self-verification when relationships are n____

Answer 29

new

Question 30

Self-verification is more beneficial than positive illusions in l____ t____ relationships so we feel u____. Also when it is related to aspects of s____-c____ that are very i____

Answer 30

longer term understood self-concept important

Question 31

Beliefs are i____ or t____ about what the w____ is like

Answer 31

ideas, theories, world

Question 32

Destiny beliefs = people are either c____ or they are not

Answer 32

compatible

Question 33

Growth beliefs = relationship c____ can be o____

Answer 33

challenges, overcome

Question 34

People with destiny beliefs are i____ h____ with their relationships, but when faced with c____, satisfaction d____. They are especially s____ to signs that their relationship is "n___ m____ t____ b____". They d____ from the relationship when there is a p____.

Answer 34

initially happier conflict, declines sensitive not meant to be disengage, problem

Question 35

People with growth beliefs are c____, o____ and c____ in the fact of c____. They have fewer o____-n____ s____ and date partners for a l____ p____ of t____. They try to m____ the relationship when there is a p____.

Answer 35

constructive, optimistic, committed, conflicts one-night stands longer period of time maintain, problem

Question 36

We expect others to read our minds, but we don't realise how bad we can be at reading other peoples minds. Studies on romantic partners and college roommates showed that as relationships p____, a____ did not increased, but o____ did

Answer 36

progressed accuracy overconfidence

Question 37

Egocentric simulations (p____) refers to the fact how we interpret others is mostly driven by how we ourselves would t____, f____ and b____. (What would m____ us, how we would f____ in a situation and how we would r____)

Answer 37

projection think, feel, behave motivate, feel, react

Question 38

The gap in “Solving the (real) other minds problem” can be narrowed with t____, e____ and p____ t____ as well as a____ trying to e____ information d____ and c____ oneself at a higher level of a____. However, t____-d____ influences still b____ what we see/interpret

Answer 38

time, effort, perspective taking actively, encode, differently Construe oneself at higher level of abstraction (see ourselves as we see others) top-down bias