9. Prejudice: Definitions, Types and Explanations Flashcards
(48 cards)
Prejudice shapes the q____ we a____, the d____ we c____ and how we i____ our f____
questions, ask, data, collect, interpret, findings
Prejudice, as defined by Hogg and Vaughn, 2018, is u____ a____ towards a s____ g____ and its m____
unfavourable attitude, social group, members
Prejudice is traditionally viewed as consisting of 3 components:
1. C____ - b____ and s____ about a social group
2. A____ - strong usually n____ feelings about a social group and the q____ it is believed to possess
3. C____ - i____ to b____ in a certain way towards the social group (not b____ itself)
- Cognitive, beliefs, stereotypes
- Affective, negative, qualities
- Conative, intentions, behave, behaviour
Benevolent sexism is o____ p____ beliefs about the r____ k____ of women, which predict not-so-nice attitudes about women who d____ from p____ g____ n____/r____
ostensibly positive, right kind, deviate, prescribed gender norms/roles
(ostensibly = as appears or is stated to be true, though not necessarily so; apparently.
e.g. “the party secretary resigned, ostensibly from ill health”)
Key elements of modern theories of racism:
1. Residual n____ a____ towards the o____ (e.g. African Americans)
2. Societal norms discourage “o____ s____” prejudice - so it is expressed in n____ w____
3. Includes m____ of the effects of or o____ n____ of racism/prejudice
4. Shared interest among these theories in i____ d____
- negative attitudes, outgrip
- old school, new ways
- minimisation, ongoing nature
- individual differences
Explicit attitudes are c____, o____, r____ and m____
controllable, overt, reflective, monitorable
S____-r____ measures of attitudes toward a social group measure e____ attitudes. However, s____ d____ concerns can lead people to c____ their r____ attitudes. People may also be u____ of some prejudice they harbour
self-report, explicit
social desirability, conceal, real
unaware
Implicit attitudes are r____, outside c____ a____, u____ and s____. They are based on t____ p____
reflective, conscious awareness, uncontrollable subtle
task performance
Implicit attitude measures include h____ r____, b____ p____ methods, m____-e____ and r____ times
heart rate, bogus pipeline, micro-expressions, reaction time (e.g. the IAT)
The Implicit Association Test is based on r____ t____. Shorter rt and f____ e____ => s____ l____ between c____
Based on reaction times – shorter RT and fewer errors => stronger link between concepts
(Black/White, Pleasant/Unpleasant)
(Have to press a particular key to indicate something is in one of the two categories – which categories are paired change between trials (eg. Black/Pleasant, White/Pleasant)
Differences between RT for different combinations indicate prejudice (Greenwald et al., 1998)… or do they?)
S____/m____ racism is useful for explaining behaviour of p____ c____. A____ racism is useful for explaining prejudice among those with more e____ beliefs
Symbolic/modern, political conservatives
Aversive, egalitarian (Someone who explicitly supports egalitarian values and principles
But has implicit negative views/association with Blacks (and other ethnic groups))
Two individual differences explanations of prejudice:
1. A____ p____ and r____-w____ a____
2. S____ d____ o____
- Authoritarian personality, right-wing authoritarianism
- Social dominance orientation
Three intergroup theories of prejudice:
1. R____ G____ C____ Theory
2. S____ I____ Theory
3. I____ T____
- realistic group conflict
- social identity
- Intergroup Threats
A____ and p____ parenting practices lead to the development of an a____ p____
autocratic, punitive, authoritarian personality
Adorno et al (1950) surveyed ~2000 white Americans and found F____ and measures of p____ correlate positively. Pts with high scores on F-scale i____ p____, show strict o____ and harsh p____
F-scale, prejudice correlate positively
F-scale idealise parents, strict obedience, harsh punishments
S____ and s____ factors have a powerful effect on ethnocentrism
situational, sociocultural
Pettigrew (1958) studied White US Northerners, White US Southerners, White South Africans and found similar a____ scores but much less racism among…
This shows a c____ of prejudice may be s____ or n____ for d____
authoritarian, White US northerners
culture, sufficient, necessary, discrimination
Two methodological issues with Pettigrew (1985) are:
1. No n____ w____ items
2. I____ and s____ b____
- negatively worded
- Interviewer, sample bias
E____ can arise quicker than c____ r____ p____ have time to change
Ethnocentrism, child rearing practices
Right-wing authoritarianism is comprised of three dimensions:
1. Authoritarian s____
2. C____
3. P____ against d____
- Authoritarian submission: submission to society’s established authorities
- Conventionalism: adherence to social conventions adopted by existing authorities
- Punitiveness against deviants: support for aggression toward deviants
RWA is less a p____ t____, and more an i____ o____ that varies between individuals. For those high in RWA, social conventions are m____, acquiring authority results from f____ s____ c____, and questioning power/authority is thus i____
personality type, ideological orientation, moral, following social conventions, immoral
RWA correlates with prejudice against g____ people, i____, f____, B____ and J____ minorities. Those who are politically c____ tend to score more highly on RWA
gay, immigrants, foreigners, Black, Jewish
conservative
The Social Dominance Theory states there are d____ groups and s____ groups
D____ groups have d____ p____ and s____ p____
S____ groups have l____ p____ p____ or e____ in their way of life
Dominant groups: they have disproportionate power and special privileges (e.g. housing, health, good employment)
Subordinate groups: they have little political power or ease in their way of life (e.g. poor housing, poor health, unemployment etc).
According the the SDT, prejudice results from the human societies’ tendency to be organised in g____-b____ h____
group-based hierarchies
