5. Getting Closer

Question 1

In a study by Eastwick & Finkel (2008), before a speed dating event, pts rated the importance of a series of characteristics including:
1. P____ a____
2. E____ p____
3. F____

Answer 1

1. Physical attractiveness
2. Earning potential
3. Friendliness

Question 2

IN Eastwick & Dinkel (2008), pts rated each person on each of the characteristics at the end of the speed date. There was __ r____ between what people s____ they w____ before the event and w____ they w____ to date after the event.

Answer 2

no relationship
said they wanted
who they wanted

Question 3

Predicting romantic attraction is more r____ than we may believe. People may feel as though they’re d____ to be t____, but this seems to be the r____ rather than the c____ of liking someone

Answer 3

random
destined, together
result, cause

Question 4

People often don’t account for the fact m____ s____ is d____ - partners select each other

Answer 4

mate selection, dyadic
(Predetermined lists of preferences discount the “dyadic” process)

Question 5

Non-verbal signals of romantic interest include:
1. S____, increased e____ c____ and p____ d____
2. S____ gestures and m____
3. T____ on f____, n____ and t____
4. Less d____, o____ toward each other

Answer 5

1. smiling, eye contact, pupil dilation
2. Synchronised, mimicking
3. touch, face, neck, torso
4. distance, oriented

Question 6

In a survey in 2022, it was shown __% of people have used dating apps to meet someone

Answer 6

30%

Question 7

In 2022, dating online was particularly common among:
1. Y____ a____: __%
2. N____-h____: __%

Answer 7

1. Younger adults (18-29): 53%
2. Non-heterosexual (e.g., gay, lesbian, bisexual): 51%

Question 8

In 2022, ____ people were active in online dating in the UK

Answer 8

10 million

Question 9

Reviewed studies suggest that matching people on apps based on s____-r____ p____ may not work

Answer 9

Self-reported preferences

Question 10

One reason online dating can be disappointing is because we may not feel as a____ to others when finding out who they r____ are, as opposed to who we t____ or w____ they were

Answer 10

attracted
really
thought, wished

Question 11

The interdependence theory is the s____ e____ theory applied to intimate relationships

Answer 11

social exchange

Question 12

The interdependence theory states that r____ and c____ determine s____ and c____ (i.e. whether to stay or leave)

Answer 12

rewards, costs, satisfaction, commitment

Question 13

In the interdependence theory, rewards are defined as d____ relationship experiences and costs are defined as u____ relationship experiences

Answer 13

desirable, undesirable

Question 14

Rewards and costs can be t____/m____ or i____/s____

Answer 14

Tangible/material (e.g., making dinner, financial assistance)
intangible/social (e.g., feeling loved, knowing your partner is dependable, jealousy)

Question 15

We pay more a____ to costs, and r____ them more than rewards. They have roughly __x greater influence.

Answer 15

attention, remember
5x

Question 16

The “Magic” 5 to 1 ratio means that we need at least 5 p____ experiences against one n____ experience for a relationship to be r____

Answer 16

positive, negative, rewarding

Question 17

The Investment model talks about three aspects in commitment:
1. S____ - how h____ are you in this relationship?
2. A____ - how happy would you be in a____ relationship? Or a____?
3. I____ - what have you p____ i____ this relationship that you would l____ if the relationship were to end?

Answer 17

1. Satisfaction, happy
2. Alternatives, another, alone
3. Investment, put into, lose

Question 18

A meta-analysis showed that s____ was the strongest predictor of commitment, but i____ were a strong predictor as well as perceiving f____ a____

Answer 18

satisfaction, investments, fewer alternatives

Question 19

H____ i____ may enable couples to weather the inevitable stormy times. But, they can also t____ people in u____ relationships. Women with h____ i____ and p____ a____ are more likely to return to a____ partners

Answer 19

High investments
trap, unhealthy
high investments, poor alternatives, abusive

Question 20

Commitment helps to p____ and m____ relationships in different ways:
1. D____ alternatives
2. A____ - respond more c____ when d____
3. Makes s____ when c____ of i____ arise

Answer 20

Commitment helps to protect and maintain relationships:
1. Derogate alternatives (e.g., committed individuals rate attractive people as less sexy than single individuals) (Lydon & Karremans, 2015)
2. Accommodate: respond more constructively when dissatisfied (e.g., bite their tongue during a fight, try to work things out) (Rusbult et al., 1991)
3. Make sacrifices when conflicts of interest arise (Righetti & Impett, 2017)

Question 21

Attachment is an i____ e____ b____ to a particular individual who is seen as providing p____, c____ and s____

Answer 21

intimate emotional bond
protection, comfort, support

Question 22

John Bowlby (Attachment Theory) began by observing i____/c____ relationships and discovered the A____ s____. This is when we form b____ with others and become d____ if they are u____. The e____ function of the attachment system is to keep c____ close to i____.

Answer 22

infant/caregiver
Attachement system
bonds, distress, unavailable
evolutionary, caregivers, infants

Question 23

There are three Normative Attachment Processes:
1. P____ m____ - staying n____ and resisting s____
2. S____ h____ - turning to for c____, s____ and r____
3. S____ B____ - using as a b____ from which to e____ in n____-a____ behaviour

Answer 23

1. Proximity maintenance - near, separations
2. Safe Haven - comfort, support, reassurance
3. Secure Base - base, engage, non-attachment

Question 24

We learn in e____ c____ what to e____ from others

Answer 24

early childhood, expect, others

Question 25

In early childhood, we develop b____ and e____ about: 1. O____ - whether they will r____ to our n____ 2. S____ - whether we are w____ of l____ These beliefs influence our t____, f____ and b____ in relationships

Answer 25

beliefs, expectations 1. Others - respond, needs 2. Self - worthy, love thoughts, feelings, behaviour in relationships

Question 26

There are four different attachment orientations: 1. S____ - low a____ and a____ 2. A____-p____ - low a____ and high a____ 3. F____-a____ - high a____ and a____ 4. D____-a____ - high a____ and low a____

Answer 26

1. Secure - low avoidance and anxiety 2. Anxious-preoccupied - low avoidance and high anxiety 3. Fearful-avoidant - high avoidance and anxiety 4. Dismissive-avoidant - high avoidance and low anxiety

Question 27

People with secure attachment: - Learned that p____ s____ leads to s____, p____ and r____ of d____ - turn to other when d____ - believe distress is m____ - more s____ and s____ relationships

Answer 27

- proximity seeking, support, protection, relief of distress - distressed - manageable - stable, satisfying

Question 28

People with dismissive-avoidant attachment: - Value s____-r____ and i____ - Avoid seeking s____ when d____ - Expect relationship f____, averse to c____ - Relationships lack i____, keep partners at a d____ - feel higher levels of a____ when i____ with potential romantic a____ - Report feeling a sense of r____ after breakups

Answer 28

Value self-reliance and independence Avoid seeking support when distressed Expect relationship failure, averse to commitment Relationships lack intimacy, keep partners at a distance Feel higher levels of attraction when interacting with potential romantic alternatives Report feeling a sense of relief after break-ups

Question 29

Anxious-Preoccupied attachment: - hypervigilant about l____ and r____ - when distressed, excessive r____ on others - demanding of c____, a____ and a____ - i____, d____ and overly d____ - hard time g____ o____ b____-u____

Answer 29

Hypervigilant about loss and rejection When distressed, excessive reliance on others Demanding of closeness, attention and approval Intrusive, demanding, and overly disclosing Hard time getting over break-ups

Question 30

Fearful-avoidant attachment: - high a____ - h____ to potential h____ and r____ - high a____ - w____ then u____, avoids c____ - relatively poor p____ and s____ adjustment - difficulty e____ f____

Answer 30

High anxiety: hypersensitive to potential hurt and rejection High avoidance: withdraws when upset; avoid coping Relatively poor personal and social adjustment Difficulty expressing feelings

Question 31

Early attachment researchers (e.g. Bowlby) claimed that attachment style originates e____ in l____ and shapes relationships from the "c____ to g____"

Answer 31

early in life "cradle to grave"

Question 32

Attachment style is rather s____ over time, but n____ e____ matter, for b____ or w____

Answer 32

stable, new experiences better or worse (Break-ups & new (good) relationships (Fraley, 2019) Become more secure with age (Chopik et al., 2019))