7. + 8. Social Influence

Question 1

Milgram investigated o____

Answer 1

Obedience

Question 2

__ volts point in Milgram’s experiment is often referred to as the big dramatic point of the experiment - the learner has e____ asked to l____

Answer 2

150 v
explicitly asked to leave

Question 3

At __ volts, th learner indicates that they will no longer p____ a____ (Milgram). After this point there is n____ r____ from the learner

Answer 3

300 v
provide answers
no response

Question 4

Four experimenter prods in Milgram are:
1. Please c____, or, please g____ o____
2. The experiment r____ that you c____
3. It is a____ e____ that you c____
4. You have no o____ c____, you m____ go on

Answer 4

1. continue, go on
2. requires, continue
3. absolutely essential, continue
4. other choice, must

Question 5

In the voice feedback condition of Milgram, the mean level of shock applied was 24.53 (1 = 15v, 30 = 450 v). What level did the following predict people would stop at?
1. Psychiatrist predictions
2. College student predictions
3. Middle class adult predictions

Answer 5

1. 8
2. 9.35
3. 9.35 (just under I think by graph)

Question 6

In Burger (2009) modern replication of Milgram’s study, p____ predicted when people needed the p____, but not overall c____. Similar findings were found to the original in this more e____ version.

Answer 6

personality, prods, compliance
ethical

Question 7

In Milgram’s original experiment, about __% of pts in the voice-feedback condition go to 450v

Answer 7

65%

Question 8

People u____ how much others will shock in the Milgram paradigm

Answer 8

underestimate

Question 9

Milgram’s s____ perspective on his results refer to the a____ s____

Answer 9

Situationist, agentic shift

Question 10

Haslam et al. (2014) meta-analysis of all Milgram’s conditions found v____ v____ of obedience rates between conditions - __% obedience rates to __% obedience rates.

Answer 10

vast variation
10% - 90%

Question 11

Milgram wasn’t very s____ - he didn’t hold c____ certain elements while c____ only o____. Therefore hard to tell which precise elements of the situation actually have an influence on obedience rates

Answer 11

systematic, constant, changing, one

Question 12

Reicher an Haslam (2012) criticisms of Milgram:
1. Milgram d____ obedience, but doesn’t e____ it
2. It’s not just about a____, people are very responsive to o____ v____
3. They frame these variations in terms of s____ d____, or r____
4. How e____ can we investigate obedience/disobedience… in the r____ w____

Answer 12

1. describes explain
2. authority, other voices
3. social distance, relationships
4. else, real world

Question 13

Muzafer S____ (1936) a____-k____ effect was early work on s____ i____. It utilises an o____ i____ to assess group n____ f____ and t____

Answer 13

Sherif, auto-kinetic
social influence
optical illusion, norm formation, transmission

Question 14

In Sherif’s condition A, pts started a____, then move to g____. In condition B, pts start in g____, then move to a____

Answer 14

alone, group, group, alone

Question 15

Asch’s perspective on social psychology emphasises the importance of s____ r____ and s____ l____ for social interaction. His experiments show what happens when that is v____ - people try to r____ a s____ r____ and feel really s____ about it

Answer 15

shared reality, shared logic
violated, renegotiate, shared reality, stressed

Question 16

When group size is 1, conformity rate is __%
When group size is 2, conformity rate is __%
From group sizes 3 - 7, conformity is in the __%s

Answer 16

3%
12%
30%s

Question 17

(Asch) in the consensus condition, conformity rates were __2%, with 2 true pts conformity rates were __0.4% and with one true pts and one confederate who also dissents conformity rates were __.5%. This shows that as soon as consensus is b____, conformity drops c____

Answer 17

32%, 10.4%, 5.5%
As soon as consensus is broken, conformity drops considerably

Question 18

In Asch’s conformity studies, __% of pts conformed __ times:
1. 0 = __4%
2. 1-3 = __3%
3. 4-6 = __4%
4. 7-9 = __8%
5. 10-12 = __1%

Answer 18

1. 24%
2. 33
3. 14
4. 18
5. 11

Question 19

Giving in to the majority isn’t ‘m____’ - it involves showing m____ and c____ to those around you

Answer 19

mindless
mindfulness and consideration

Question 20

Qualitative findings from Asch’s studies suggest people were trying to make s____ of a w____ s____ - not just b____ f____. Also, there was nothing to l____ by conforming in this setting. E____ conformity is not a clearcut as this. People may conform because of differences in o____ over differences of r____.

Answer 20

sense, weird situation, blindly following
lose, everyday, opinion, reality

Question 21

The Social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954) has ideas about why we are influenced by groups:
1. I____ d____ to know o____
2. Opinions are ‘v____’ when we discover a____ with others
3. O____ sources are not always available so we turn to s____ sources
4. D____ implies u____ and is t____
5. Other group members are an important source of s____ c____, hence p____ to u____ in groups

Answer 21

1. Intrinsic desire, ourselves
2. validated, agreement
3. Objective, social
4. Disagreement, uncertainty, threatening
5. social comparisons, pressures, uniformity

Question 22

The social comparison theory states that we are influenced by groups in two situations:
1. Group c____ - the more i____ a group is to us, the s____ pressures to uniformity, clear group g____ usually increase cohesion
2. S____ a____ - the more u____ or a____ the situation, the greater the r____ on others and hence the greater the conformity

Answer 22

1. Group cohesion, important, stronger, goals
2. Situational ambiguity, uncertain, ambiguous, reliance

Question 23

According to Deutsch and Gerard (1955), we are influenced by groups for two different reasons:
1. N____ influence - wanting to be l____
2. I____ influence - wanting to be r____
Cialdini and Goldstein (2004) refer to these as a____ and a____ goals – which then also act to support a third underlying motivation of m____ a p____ s____-c____: Self-esteem protection and self-categorisation

Answer 23

1. Normative, liked
2. Informational, right
   Cialdini and Goldstein (2004) refer to these as accuracy and affiliation goals – which then also act to support a third underlying motivation of maintaining a positive self-concept: Self-esteem protection and self-categorisation.

Question 24

Deutsch and Gerard (1955) found:
1. Normative influence r____ when response more d____ from the s____
2. Increased d____ in the task results in i____ c____
3. N____ influence stronger when in a ‘r____’ group
4. M____ sources of n____ influence

Answer 24

1. reduced, distant, self
2. doubt, increased conformity
3. Normative, ‘real’
4. multiple, normative

Question 25

Conformity and culture: 1. L____ rates of conformity in i____ vs c____ cultures 2. Conformity i____ with % f____ participants 3. L____ conformity over t____ in the U____ 4. Conformity d____ when the m____ is made up of o____ members

Answer 25

1. Lower, individualist, collectivist 2. increases, female 3. Less, time, USA 4. decreases, majority, outgroup

Question 26

Asch positions conformity as "t____ b____ g____"

Answer 26

the bad guy

Question 27

Campbell says the c____ of conformity is good, but t____ is still better

Answer 27

consensus, truth

Question 28

Hodges and Geyer (2006) say s____ places m____ d____ on pts and it is not clear which is 'm____ i____'. Strategies in the r____ aim to p____ b____ these c____ issues.

Answer 28

situation, multiple demands, most important responses, pragmatically balance, competing

Question 29

Moscivici says m____ influence leads to p____ change (c____) and m____ influence leads to p____ change (c____). He also says minorities must be f____ but c____

Answer 29

majority, public, compliance minority, private, conversion flexible, consistent

Question 30

Moscivici's idea was that the m____ cause the m____ to c____/r____ their own views - c____ or u____. After-image studies suggest minority influence works at a l____ level vs m____ (i.e. beneath c____ responding)

Answer 30

minority, majority, challenge, reconsider, consciously, unconsciously latent level vs manifest, conscious

Question 31

Moscovici adapted Asch paradigm with 4 naive pts and 2 confederates. Colour judgements, clearly blue slides reported as ‘green’ by confederates, either consistently, or sometimes by one, sometimes by the other. __% said 'green' at least once

Answer 31

32% With no deviants, almost no-one makes errors (0.25%). 2 consistent deviants produce around 8% errors, 2 inconsistent produce just over 1% error rates. 32% said “green” at least once in the consistent deviant condition.

Question 32

The conversion theory (Moscovici, 1980) states that a____ to a____ leads to p____ a____ using l____ (time) and i____ effects

Answer 32

attention, arguments, private acceptance, latent, indirect

Question 33

Replications of Moscovici are i____

Answer 33

inconsistent

Question 34

In the gay rights majority minority study: Participants joining the majority pro group who thought their opinions would be public were on average ...... ; if they thought their opinions would be private, they were on average .... Participants joining the majority anti group had the .... pattern.

Answer 34

pro (ie. Above the midpoint of the scale) anti (below the midpoint of the scale) opposite As a side note: People seem to become more anti in the majority anti group than pro in the majority pro group (this may be a function of the era of this data collection).

Question 35

Deviants within groups (minority influences within groups) are more likely to be: 1. O____-t____ (vs n____) 2. H____ status and/or more p____ 3. Those who're more c____ to the group

Answer 35

1. Old-timers, newcomers 2. High, prototypical 3. committed