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Brett GI Midterm > 4 Histo of the Stomach and Esophagus > Flashcards

4 Histo of the Stomach and Esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract from the lumen outward

A

Mucosa —> submucosa —> muscularis/muscalris externa —> serosa/adventitia

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2
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa

A

Lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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3
Q

What is found in the lamina propria

A

It is loose, vascularized CT

Lymphatic nodules, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages

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4
Q

What does the muscularis mucosae do

A

Controls mobility of mucosa as well as squeezes gland contents out

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5
Q

What kind of CT is found in the submucosal layer

A

Dense, irregular CT and glands in esophagus and duodenum

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6
Q

What are the layers of the muscularis/muscularis externa? What do they do?

A

Inner circular layer - constricts the lumen

Outer longitudinal layer - shortens the tube

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7
Q

What is between the layers of the muscularis/muscularis externa

A

Neurovascular plexuses

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8
Q

What cell type is mesothelium

A

Simple squamous

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9
Q

What is the serosa/adventitia layer made of

A

Loose CT and mesothelium

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10
Q

What cell type is the mucosa epithelium in the GI

A

Simple columnar

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11
Q

What are the main parasympathetic GI innervations

A

Vagus until splenic flexure

Pelvic splanchnic after splenic flexure

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12
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the GI

A

Greater, lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnic nn

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13
Q

What is the innervation found in the submucosa of the GI called

A

Submucosal plexus of Meissner

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14
Q

What is the innervation between the muscularis layers called

A

Myenteric plexus of Auerbach

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15
Q

What in the esophagus determines whether it has serosa or adventitia?

A

The diaphragm

Above - adventitia and adipose

Below - serosa

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16
Q

Where do cardiac esophageal glands reside

A

In the lamina propria (mucosa)

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17
Q

What are the submucosal glands

A

Consists of small lobules with mucous and serous cell types and are drained by a single duct

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18
Q

What are the layers of esophagus

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia or serosa (adventitia above diaphragm)

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19
Q

Where is muscularis mucosa present in the mucosa of the esophagus

A

In lower segment

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20
Q

Increase in pressure of what layer of esophagus causes varices?

A

Submucosa, this is where the venous plexuses are

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21
Q

What kind of muscle is found in the muscularis of the esophagus

A

Upper third = skeletal muscle
Middle third = blend
Lower third = smooth muscle

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22
Q

What cell types meet at the gastroesophageal junction

A

Stratified squamous —> simple columnar

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23
Q

What are the two sphincters of the esophagus

A

Upper - anatomical and involved in swallowing reflex

Lower - functional and prevents reflux of gastric contents

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24
Q

What does GERD stand for? What does it cause?

A

GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease

Chronic inflammation, ulceration, and dysphagia

25
Q

What can GERD cause in the long term?

A

Barrett’s esophagus

Esophagus epithelium replaced by stomach epithelium

26
Q

What are people with Barrett’s esophagus at high risk for

A

Stomach cancer

27
Q

What are the regions of the stomach

A

Cardia - 2-3 cm near esophageal opening

Fundus - projects to the left of cardia

Body - extensive central region

Pyloric antrum - ends at gastroduodenal orifice

28
Q

What are the two stomach regions based on motility

A

Orad - fundus and upper body that relaxes during swallowing

Caudad - lower body and antrum, participates in regulation of gastric emptying

29
Q

What are gastric mucosal folds called

A

Rugae

30
Q

What protects the epithelium of the stomach

A

Mucosal barrier

31
Q

What kind of cells are found on the stomach mucosa

A

Secretory simple columnar

32
Q

What glands are found in the stomach mucosa

A

Cardiac, gastric and pyloric

33
Q

What type of CT is found in the submucosa of the stomach? What other portion has this

A

Dense, irregular CT

GI

34
Q

What are the muscle layers in the muscularis of the stomach

A

Oblique, circular, and longitudinal

35
Q

What muscularis layer forms the pyloric sphincter

A

Circular

36
Q

What do cardiac glands look like

A

They are single tubes that have coiled ends

37
Q

What do cardiac glands secrete

A

Mucus

38
Q

Where are the cardiac cells

A

They extend only a few cm from the gastroesophageal junction

39
Q

What are the regions of the stomach’s glands

A

Pit (foveolar), neck, and body

40
Q

What cells are found in the pit of glands

A

Mucous cells

41
Q

What cells are found in the neck of glands

A

Mucous neck cells, stem cells, and parietal cells

42
Q

What cells are contained in the upper body of glands? Lower?

A

More parietal cells, chief cells, stem cells

Parietal cells, more chief cells, more enteroendocrine cells

43
Q

What is Ménétriers disease

A

TGF-α induced hyperplasia of surface mucous cells

44
Q

What are the symptoms of Ménétriers disease

A

Nausea, vomitting, epigastric pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, diarrhea

45
Q

What do parietal cells produce

A

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (glycoprotein that binds to B12)

46
Q

What features of parietal cells allow them to function

A

Abundant mitochondria - for ATP production for ATPase pumps

Secretory/intracellular canaliculus - for vesicle production

Abundant H/K dependent ATPase

47
Q

Where are chief cells primarily found

A

Lower 1/3 of gastric gland

48
Q

Where are chief cells not found

A

Cardiac glands and pyloric antrum

49
Q

What do chief cells contain and secrete

A

Zymogen granules of pepsinogen

50
Q

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin

A

Acids

51
Q

What stimulates pepsinogen release

A

Feeding

52
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells of the stomach

A

Somatostatin, gastrin, ghrelin

53
Q

What does gastrin do

A

Produced by G cells in pyloric antrum and stimulates production of HCl by parietal cells

54
Q

What does somatostatin do

A

Produced by D cells and inhibits gastrin action

55
Q

What does ghrelin do

A

Produced in gastric fundus

Binds to receptor in pituitary and stimulates GH

Increases with fasting and triggers hunger

56
Q

How are pyloric glands diffrent than gastric pits

A

Pits are deeper and extend halfway through mucosa

Glands have larger lumen and are highly branched

57
Q

What do pyloric glands produce

A

Mucus and lysozyme (lyses bacteria)

58
Q

What cells are found in a high number in pyloric glands

A

Enteroendocrine cells and G cells (gastrin)

GALT in lamina propria

59
Q

What is the difference between serosa and adventitia

A

Serosa is covered by peritoneum and adventitia is retroperitoneal

Brett GI Midterm (11 decks)

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