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Brett GI Midterm > 8 Histo of the Accessory Organs > Flashcards

8 Histo of the Accessory Organs Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What do exocrine glands do

A

Secrete mucus, hormones, enzymes, and waste

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2
Q

What form do exocrine glands take

A

Simple invagination of the epithelium or may have no contact with epithelium

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3
Q

How do mucous acini stain

A

Cloudier looking cytoplasm due to thick, glycoprotein-rich product

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4
Q

How do serous acini stain

A

Clear staining cytoplasm and produce a water based product

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5
Q

What acini look similar to adipocytes

A

Mucous

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of mucoserous acini

A

Contain a core of mucous (black) cells surrounded by a serous demilune (yellow bonnet shaped)

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7
Q

What shapes can the secretory portion take on

A

Tubular (elongated) or alveolar/acinar (spherical/rounded)

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8
Q

What are the shapes of the duct system of secretory cells

A

Simple gland (unbranched) or compound gland (branched)

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9
Q

What are the mechanisms of secretion

A

Merocrine - exocytosis of apical end of secretory cells (sweat and salivary glands)

Holocrine - disintegration of the secretory cells (sebaceous glands)

Apocrine - release of membrane enclosed vesicles (sweat glands)

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10
Q

What controls the release of secretory gland components

A

ANS

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11
Q

What portion of the salivary gland provides neurovasculature

A

Lobes

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12
Q

What are the parts of salivary glands

A

CT capsule with septa that divides gland into lobes (interlobar septa) and smaller lobules (interlobular)

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13
Q

What is the purpose of saliva

A
  • Lubricates and cleanses the oral mucosa
  • Contains immunoglobulins, minerals, electrolytes, buffers, enzymes, and metabolic wastes
  • Aids in digestion (amylase) and maintenance of tooth integrity
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14
Q

What are the largest salivary glands

A

Parotid

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the parotid gland

A

It is serous with adipocytes scattered throughout

Acini consist of serous secretory cells with pyramidal cells, prominent RER in basal portion, and secretory granules visible in the apical region

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16
Q

What does the sublingual gland produce

A

It is a mixed gland that produces mainly mucous

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17
Q

What is specific to the sublingual gland

A

Lacks a defined capsule but is divided by CT into smaller lobes

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18
Q

What kinds of ducts does the sublingual gland have

A

Intercalated and striated ducts that are poorly developed

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19
Q

What is the difference in staining between the sublingual and parotid gland

A

The sublingual stains lighter

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20
Q

What kind of cells are present in the submandibular gland

A

Serous and mucous but serous predominate

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21
Q

What is the unique characteristic of the submandibular gland

A

The mucous cells have serous demilunes which are controlled bu myoepithelial cells (they contract around the demilunes)

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22
Q

What kind of ducts are found in the submandibular gland

A

Intercalated ducts that are shorter and striated ducts are longer than those in parotid gland

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23
Q

What are the main types of salivary glands

A

Submandibular
Parotid
Sublingual

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24
Q

What is the exocrine product of the liver

A

Bile

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25
Where is the liver mainly
URQ
26
What are the hepatic lobubles
Polygonal structures that comprise the functional unit of the liver that surround a central vein
27
What is a portal triad
Branches of hepatic A, portal V, and bile duct
28
What are the brown stick like structures between hepatocyte
Bile canaliculi
29
What cell type is found in bile duct walls
Simple cuboidal
30
What are the different organizations of the liver
``` Hepatic lobule (structural unit) Portal lobule (based on bile drainage) Liver acinus (based on proximity to O2 source) ```
31
What is at the center of a hepatic lobule
Central venules and portal triads at the vertices of the hexagon
32
What is at the center of the portal lobule
Portal triad draining bile away from parenchyma
33
What are the boundaries of the liver acinus
Determined by a terminal branch of hepatic A
34
What are the zones found in the liver acinus
I, II, III III is the farthest from the blood supply and is exposed to the most toxin
35
What is the space of disse in teh liver
Sinusoidal space that separates the plates from flow of portal V and hepatic A blood Functions as a thoroughfare for blood from portal V and hepatic A to the central venule
36
What is the space of mall
The portion of the thoroughfare that collects fluid which is drained off by lymph vessels
37
What are the domains of the hepatocyte? What do they face
Apical - faces the bile canaliculus and sealed on both sides to prevent bile leakage Basolateral - faces space of disse (blood) and absorbs blood borne substances such as: albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, coagulation factors V, VII, IX
38
What type of specialized cells are found in the hepatic sinusoids
Kupffer cells They are macrophages which function to recycle aging erythrocytes
39
What is bile? What is it involved in?
Mix of organic and inorganic things made by hepatocytes Excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bilirubin, and electrolytes Contributes to fat absorption
40
How are most pathologic changes described
From classic lobule but best understood from liver acinius
41
What does the pancreas look similar to histologically
Parotid salivary gland
42
The exocrine portion of the pancreas is what type of gland
Branched tubuloacinar gland
43
What are the portions of the pancreas
Head - lying the concavity between the 2nd and 3rd parts of duodenum Neck - in contact with portal v Body - placed anterior to the aorta Tail - ending near the hilum of the spleen
44
What supplies the pancreas
Celiac trunk, SMA, splenic A
45
What is the innervation of the pancreas
Vagus and splanchnic nn
46
How is the pancreas similar to the salivary glands
Surrounded by CT but doesn’t have a capsule Lobules are separated by CT that carry blood, lymph, nerves, and ducts
47
What is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas
Serous acinous
48
What is the lumen of the acinus lined with
Centroacinar cells (unique to pancreas)
49
What do the centroacinar cells do
They are continuous with the low cuboidal epithelium and they secrete HCO3-, Na, H2O
50
What is the pathway for ducts leaving the pancreas
Intercalated ducts —> intralobular ducts (lacking striated ducts in the exocrine pancreas) —> interlobular ducts —> main pancreatic duct —> hepatopancreatic ampulla
51
What portion of the pancreas is lightly staining
Islets of Langerhans
52
What should the pancreas not have that the parotid has
Adipose tissue
53
What are the characteristics of the pancreatic acinar cells
Well-developed RER Prominent golgi Apical domain with zymogen granules
54
How does diet change pancreas
High protein diet increases protease synth and more amylase with carb-rich diet
55
What binds to receptors of acinar cells and stimulates granule release
Cholecystokinin
56
Where are zymogen granlues normally activated
Duodenum
57
What zymogen is most likely to cause pancreatitis
Trypsinogen—> trypsin also inactivation of trypsin inhibitor
58
What does acute pancreatitis normally follow
Trauma, heavy meals, excessive EtOH, biliary tract disease
59
What characterizes chronic pancreatitis
Fibrosis and partial or total destruction of the pancreatic tissue
60
What is a major cause of chronic pancreatitis
Alcoholism is a major cause and leads to permanent loss of pancreatic function (both endo and exocrine)

Brett GI Midterm (11 decks)

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