8 Histo of the Accessory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What do exocrine glands do

A

Secrete mucus, hormones, enzymes, and waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What form do exocrine glands take

A

Simple invagination of the epithelium or may have no contact with epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do mucous acini stain

A

Cloudier looking cytoplasm due to thick, glycoprotein-rich product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do serous acini stain

A

Clear staining cytoplasm and produce a water based product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What acini look similar to adipocytes

A

Mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the characteristics of mucoserous acini

A

Contain a core of mucous (black) cells surrounded by a serous demilune (yellow bonnet shaped)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What shapes can the secretory portion take on

A

Tubular (elongated) or alveolar/acinar (spherical/rounded)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the shapes of the duct system of secretory cells

A

Simple gland (unbranched) or compound gland (branched)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the mechanisms of secretion

A

Merocrine - exocytosis of apical end of secretory cells (sweat and salivary glands)

Holocrine - disintegration of the secretory cells (sebaceous glands)

Apocrine - release of membrane enclosed vesicles (sweat glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What controls the release of secretory gland components

A

ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What portion of the salivary gland provides neurovasculature

A

Lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the parts of salivary glands

A

CT capsule with septa that divides gland into lobes (interlobar septa) and smaller lobules (interlobular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the purpose of saliva

A
  • Lubricates and cleanses the oral mucosa
  • Contains immunoglobulins, minerals, electrolytes, buffers, enzymes, and metabolic wastes
  • Aids in digestion (amylase) and maintenance of tooth integrity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the largest salivary glands

A

Parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the characteristics of the parotid gland

A

It is serous with adipocytes scattered throughout

Acini consist of serous secretory cells with pyramidal cells, prominent RER in basal portion, and secretory granules visible in the apical region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the sublingual gland produce

A

It is a mixed gland that produces mainly mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is specific to the sublingual gland

A

Lacks a defined capsule but is divided by CT into smaller lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What kinds of ducts does the sublingual gland have

A

Intercalated and striated ducts that are poorly developed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference in staining between the sublingual and parotid gland

A

The sublingual stains lighter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of cells are present in the submandibular gland

A

Serous and mucous but serous predominate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the unique characteristic of the submandibular gland

A

The mucous cells have serous demilunes which are controlled bu myoepithelial cells (they contract around the demilunes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kind of ducts are found in the submandibular gland

A

Intercalated ducts that are shorter and striated ducts are longer than those in parotid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the main types of salivary glands

A

Submandibular
Parotid
Sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the exocrine product of the liver

A

Bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is the liver mainly

A

URQ

26
Q

What are the hepatic lobubles

A

Polygonal structures that comprise the functional unit of the liver that surround a central vein

27
Q

What is a portal triad

A

Branches of hepatic A, portal V, and bile duct

28
Q

What are the brown stick like structures between hepatocyte

A

Bile canaliculi

29
Q

What cell type is found in bile duct walls

A

Simple cuboidal

30
Q

What are the different organizations of the liver

A
Hepatic lobule (structural unit)
Portal lobule (based on bile drainage)
Liver acinus (based on proximity to O2 source)
31
Q

What is at the center of a hepatic lobule

A

Central venules and portal triads at the vertices of the hexagon

32
Q

What is at the center of the portal lobule

A

Portal triad draining bile away from parenchyma

33
Q

What are the boundaries of the liver acinus

A

Determined by a terminal branch of hepatic A

34
Q

What are the zones found in the liver acinus

A

I, II, III

III is the farthest from the blood supply and is exposed to the most toxin

35
Q

What is the space of disse in teh liver

A

Sinusoidal space that separates the plates from flow of portal V and hepatic A blood

Functions as a thoroughfare for blood from portal V and hepatic A to the central venule

36
Q

What is the space of mall

A

The portion of the thoroughfare that collects fluid which is drained off by lymph vessels

37
Q

What are the domains of the hepatocyte? What do they face

A

Apical - faces the bile canaliculus and sealed on both sides to prevent bile leakage

Basolateral - faces space of disse (blood) and absorbs blood borne substances such as: albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, coagulation factors V, VII, IX

38
Q

What type of specialized cells are found in the hepatic sinusoids

A

Kupffer cells

They are macrophages which function to recycle aging erythrocytes

39
Q

What is bile? What is it involved in?

A

Mix of organic and inorganic things made by hepatocytes

Excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bilirubin, and electrolytes

Contributes to fat absorption

40
Q

How are most pathologic changes described

A

From classic lobule but best understood from liver acinius

41
Q

What does the pancreas look similar to histologically

A

Parotid salivary gland

42
Q

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is what type of gland

A

Branched tubuloacinar gland

43
Q

What are the portions of the pancreas

A

Head - lying the concavity between the 2nd and 3rd parts of duodenum

Neck - in contact with portal v

Body - placed anterior to the aorta

Tail - ending near the hilum of the spleen

44
Q

What supplies the pancreas

A

Celiac trunk, SMA, splenic A

45
Q

What is the innervation of the pancreas

A

Vagus and splanchnic nn

46
Q

How is the pancreas similar to the salivary glands

A

Surrounded by CT but doesn’t have a capsule

Lobules are separated by CT that carry blood, lymph, nerves, and ducts

47
Q

What is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas

A

Serous acinous

48
Q

What is the lumen of the acinus lined with

A

Centroacinar cells (unique to pancreas)

49
Q

What do the centroacinar cells do

A

They are continuous with the low cuboidal epithelium and they secrete HCO3-, Na, H2O

50
Q

What is the pathway for ducts leaving the pancreas

A

Intercalated ducts —> intralobular ducts (lacking striated ducts in the exocrine pancreas) —> interlobular ducts —> main pancreatic duct —> hepatopancreatic ampulla

51
Q

What portion of the pancreas is lightly staining

A

Islets of Langerhans

52
Q

What should the pancreas not have that the parotid has

A

Adipose tissue

53
Q

What are the characteristics of the pancreatic acinar cells

A

Well-developed RER
Prominent golgi
Apical domain with zymogen granules

54
Q

How does diet change pancreas

A

High protein diet increases protease synth and more amylase with carb-rich diet

55
Q

What binds to receptors of acinar cells and stimulates granule release

A

Cholecystokinin

56
Q

Where are zymogen granlues normally activated

A

Duodenum

57
Q

What zymogen is most likely to cause pancreatitis

A

Trypsinogen—> trypsin also inactivation of trypsin inhibitor

58
Q

What does acute pancreatitis normally follow

A

Trauma, heavy meals, excessive EtOH, biliary tract disease

59
Q

What characterizes chronic pancreatitis

A

Fibrosis and partial or total destruction of the pancreatic tissue

60
Q

What is a major cause of chronic pancreatitis

A

Alcoholism is a major cause and leads to permanent loss of pancreatic function (both endo and exocrine)