4. Holgersson, M., Granstrand, O., Bogers, M. (2018) The evolution of intellectual property strategy in innovation ecosystems Uncovering complementary and substitute appropriability regimes Flashcards
(16 cards)
What is an “innovation ecosystem”?
A system of interconnected actors, resources, and institutions involved in the development and commercialization of innovation, emphasizing both cooperation and competition.
What are “appropriability regimes”?
Institutional and technological environments that determine how easily innovations can be imitated or protected, affecting a firm’s ability to capture value from innovation.
What is meant by “complementary assets”?
Resources or capabilities (like manufacturing or marketing) needed alongside an innovation to commercialize it successfully.
What does the PFI (Profiting from Innovation) framework explain?
How the distribution of profits from innovation depends on appropriability regimes and access to complementary assets.
What’s the difference between “formal” and “informal” technology governance?
Formal governance uses legal tools (e.g., patents, contracts), while informal governance relies on social norms or gentleman’s agreements.
What are “complementary appropriability regimes”?
Appropriability conditions related to technologies that work together with a focal innovation to create value.
What are “substitute appropriability regimes”?
Appropriability conditions of technologies that compete with or can replace a focal innovation.
Why is patenting important in open innovation settings?
It protects shared knowledge, helps prevent imitation, and strengthens a firm’s bargaining power.
What is FRAND licensing?
A commitment to license patents on Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory terms, often used in standards to ensure accessibility.
What triggered the shift from informal to formal IP governance in mobile telecom?
Motorola’s aggressive patent strategy during the development of GSM (2G) disrupted the previous gentleman’s agreements.
What role did Qualcomm play in the 3G (UMTS) transition?
Qualcomm used patent threats to influence the UMTS standardization, eventually reaching a settlement and becoming a major player.
What are “standard-essential patents” (SEPs)?
Patents that protect technology necessary to comply with a standard, such that the standard cannot be implemented without using them.
What’s a “multi-generational patent”?
A patent that covers technologies applicable across multiple product or technology generations.
What is a “patent pool”?
A consortium where multiple patent holders aggregate their patents and license them as a package.
What are the implications of weak appropriability regimes?
Innovators must rely more on access to complementary assets to capture value.
How can IP strategy impact a firm’s “freedom to operate”?
By ensuring it doesn’t infringe on others’ rights and by securing rights that prevent others from blocking its operations.
