4: Integumentary

Question 1

What are the two layers of the skin?

Answer 1

Epidermis and dermis

Question 2

Is the hypodermis part of the integument?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

What are the 5 functions of the integument?

Answer 3

Protection
Prevent dehydration
Sensation
Temperature regulation
Vitamin D synthesis

Question 4

Where is the epidermis of the thick skin found?

Answer 4

Palms and bottom of feet

Question 5

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

Answer 5

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Question 6

What layer of the epidermis consist of 10-40 layers of cells?

Answer 6

Stratum corneum

Question 7

What layers of the epidermis consist of 2-4 layers of cells?

Answer 7

Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Question 8

What layer of the epidermis is not found in the whole integument? Where is it found?

Answer 8

Stratum lucidum

Found in the thick skin

Question 9

What kind of vasculature does the epidermis have?

Answer 9

None, it’s avascular

Question 10

What epidermal layer contains dead keratinocytes?

Answer 10

Stratum corneum

Question 11

What epidermal layer attaches to the basement membrane via collagen fibers?

Answer 11

Stratum basale

Question 12

What feature of the Stratum basale increases the surface area between the epidermis and the papillary layer of the dermis? What does this do?

Answer 12

Epidermal ridges

Increases strength of connection between the two

Question 13

What feature of the Papillary layer increases the surface area between the epidermis and the papillary layer of the dermis? What does this do?

Answer 13

Dermal papillae

Resist mechanical stress

Question 14

What is the Stratum basale primarily made of? (Two names)

Answer 14

Keratinocytes called basal stem cells

Question 15

What is the role of basal stem cells?

Answer 15

All of the keratinocytes in the epidermis are produced from this single layer of cells, which are constantly dividing to produce new cells. As new cells are formed, the existing cells are pushed superficially away from the stratum basale.

Question 16

What is the location and function of a Merkel cell?

Answer 16

Stratum basale

functions as a sensory receptor for touch

Question 17

What is the location and function of a melanocyte?

Answer 17

Stratum basale

Produces melanin by apocrine secretion

Question 18

What determines skin color?

Answer 18

ACTIVITY of melanocytes, not amount of melanocytes. All people have the same number

Question 19

What structure joins the cells of the Stratum spinosum?

Answer 19

Desmosomes

Question 20

What layer contains epidermal dendritic cells?

Answer 20

Stratum spinosum

Question 21

What are epidermal dendritic cells for? In what layer?

Answer 21

function as macrophages by engulfing bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells in the Stratum spinosum

Question 22

In what layer do keratinocytes begin to produce keratin?

Answer 22

Stratum spinosum

Question 23

What layer of the epidermis produces a water-repellant glycolipid?

Answer 23

Stratum spinosum

Question 24

What gives the Stratum granulosum its grainy appearance?

Answer 24

The large production of keratin and keratohyalin

Question 25

What makes up the bulk of the cell mass in the Stratum granulosum?

Answer 25

Keratin and karetohylain

Question 26

In what epidermal layer do cell organelles begin to die and disintegrate?

Answer 26

Stratum granulosum

Question 27

What is the Stratum lucidum composed of?

Answer 27

Dead, flattened, compacted keratinocytes

Question 28

What binds the cells of the Stratum lucidum?

Answer 28

eleidin, a clear protein rich in lipids, derived from keratohyalin

Question 29

How long does it take for the Stratum corneum to replace itself?

Answer 29

About 4 weeks

Question 30

Where does the stratum corneum get its name?

Answer 30

The increased keratinization of the cells is also called cornification

Question 31

What causes a nevus?

Answer 31

Overgrowth of melanocytes

Question 32

What causes freckles?

Answer 32

Excessive melanocyte activity

Question 33

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 33

Papillary layer Reticular layer

Question 34

What is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of?

Answer 34

Areolar connective tissue

Question 35

What is the reticular layer of the dermis composed of?

Answer 35

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 36

What causes wrinkles?

Answer 36

Loss of collagen and elastic fibers, decreased thickness of dermis

Question 37

What is the structure of the hypodermis?

Answer 37

Areolar and adipose tissue

Question 38

What are the 5 terms of the nail we need to know?

Answer 38

Free edge, lunula, cuticle, nail root, nail body

Question 39

What is the lunula?

Answer 39

Little white half-moon at the base of the nail, but still under the nail

Question 40

What gives the reticular layer its name?

Answer 40

The net-like (reticulated) framework of elastin fibers

Question 41

What are the three layers of hair?

Answer 41

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

Question 42

What layer of hair is living cells?

Answer 42

Medulla

Question 43

What part of the hair follicle extends into the dermis?

Answer 43

The hair bulb

Question 44

What part of the hair is in the hair follicle below the skin?

Answer 44

The hair root

Question 45

How fast does hair grow?

Answer 45

2mm/week

Question 46

What is the growth cycle of hair?

Answer 46

Anagen phase Catagen phase Telogen phase

Question 47

What happens in the anagen phase? How long does it last?

Answer 47

Hair actively grows, lasts 2-7 years

Question 48

What happens in the catagen phase? How long does it last?

Answer 48

Transition phase where the follicle shrinks, lasts 2-3 weeks

Question 49

What happens during the telogen phase? How long does it lasts?

Answer 49

Follicle is inactive, hair stops growing and is shed. Lasts 2-4 months

Question 50

What is the name of an oil gland? What's the name for the "oil?"

Answer 50

Sebaceous gland produces sebum

Question 51

What is the name of a sweat gland?

Answer 51

Sudoriferous gland

Question 52

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands? What's the difference and where are they located?

Answer 52

Eccrine glands produce watery sweat and are all over the body Apocrine glands produce viscous sweat & are found in the axillary, nipple, anal, and genital areas

Question 53

What gland attached to the hair shaft is responsible for acne?

Answer 53

Sebaceous gland

Question 54

What are the 3 types of hair and where are they found?

Answer 54

Lanugo hair (fetal) Vellus hair (fine hair on most of body) Terminal hair (head, armpit, pubic region, male facial hair)

Question 55

What layers of the skin does a first-degree burn affect?

Answer 55

Epidermis

Question 56

What layers of the skin does a second-degree burn affect?

Answer 56

Epidermis and part of the dermis

Question 57

What layers of the skin does a third-degree burn affect?

Answer 57

Entire epidermis and dermis

Question 58

What epidermal layer does basal cell carcinoma originate in? Is it dangerous?

Answer 58

Stratum basale. Most common, least dangerous

Question 59

What epidermal layer does malignant melanoma originate in? Is it dangerous?

Answer 59

Stratum basale. Most deadly type. Arises from melanocytes