4 - Investment Companies, Insurance Products & Derivatives Flashcards
This deck focuses on investment company products, insurance products, including annuities and life insurance, as well as derivatives, such as options, forwards, and futures. (297 cards)
1
Q
Three types of Investment Companies defined by the Investment Company Act of 1940
A
Face Amount Certificate, Unit Investment Trust, Management Company
2
Q
Management company shares that may trade at a price more or less than their net asset value
A
Closed-ended Investment companies
3
Q
Three types of securities that closed-end companies can issue
A
Common shares, preferred shares and bonds
4
Q
An investment company that meets the 75-5-10 test
A
Diversified
5
Q
Type of management company that can issue shares continuously
A
Open-end
6
Q
Type of management company that issues a fixed number of shares in a single offering
A
Closed-end
7
Q
Type of management company that can issue only equity shares
A
Open-end
8
Q
Type of management company that can issue both equity and debt
A
Closed-end
9
Q
Type of management company shares that are redeemed by the issuer
A
Open-end
10
Q
Type of management company shares that trade in the secondary market
A
Closed-end
11
Q
The difference between the Public Offering Price and Net Asset Value
A
Sales load
12
Q
Type of management company shares that are priced by formula
A
Open-end
13
Q
Type of management company shares that are priced by supply and demand
A
Closed-end
14
Q
An investment company which issues redeemable securities and is not actively managed
A
Unit investment trust
15
Q
The price at which an investor purchases closed-end company shares
A
Ask price
16
Q
Type of management company that offers shares through a continuous primary offering
A
Open-end
17
Q
Number of days mutual fund shares must be held before they can be used as collateral in a margin account
A
30 days
18
Q
The type of securities that mutual funds can issue
A
Common shares
19
Q
Form that mutual funds send shareholders annually to report taxability of distributions
A
1099
20
Q
Section of the Investment Company Act of 1940 that permits funds to charge ongoing fees for marketing and distribution
A
Section 12b-1
21
Q
Securities legislation that defines management companies and registration requirements
A
Investment Company Act of 1940
22
Q
Maximum sales charge for mutual funds permitted by FINRA rules
A
8.5% of POP
23
Q
Maximum annual 12b-1 fee permitted by the Investment Company Act of 1940
A
.75% of average annual net assets
24
Q
Quantity purchase discounts that apply to individuals who purchase funds within the same fund family
A
Breakpoints
25
Document that allows an investor to receive a discounted sales charge on current and future funds invested within the same fund family
Letter of Intent
26
Maximum duration of a Letter of Intent
13 months
27
The maximum time allowed to backdate a Letter of Intent
90 days
28
Allows for reduction of sales charges on subsequent purchases based on combining additional purchases and with prior share appreciation
Rights of accumulation
29
Maximum time limit for Rights of Accumulation
There are no time limits imposed on Rights of Accumulation
30
FINRA violation which involves encouraging a customer to purchase shares at a point below an available sales charge reduction
Breakpoint sale
31
Mutual fund share class with a front end sales load
Class A shares
32
Mutual fund share class with a back-end load and 12b-1 fees
Class B shares
33
Mutual fund share class with 12b-1 fees charged quarterly
Class C shares
34
The pricing concept that defines the purchase and redemption of mutual fund shares at the next calculated price
Forward pricing
35
Life insurance contract designed to provide a stream of guaranteed income payments for life
Annuity
36
The insurance company account in which variable annuity payments are invested
Separate account
37
A directly managed variable annuity's category of registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940
Open-end management company
38
The two phases of a variable annuity contract
Accumulation phase and Annuity phase
39
The rate established at the time of annuitization for determining the amount of income paid from month to month
Assumed Interest Rate
40
The impact on the monthly payment from a variable annuity, as compared to the previous month, if the separate account performance is greater than the AIR
Increase
41
The transition from the accumulation to the payout phase of a variable annuity
Annuitization
42
The penalty that applies if funds are withdrawn from an annuity before age 59 1/2.
10% penalty on earnings
43
Price at which open-end company shares are purchased
Public Offering Price (POP)
44
Price at which open-end company shares are redeemed
Net Asset Value (NAV)
45
An investment company with assets concentrated in a single industry
Specialized or sector fund
46
An investment company with no provision for redeeming outstanding shares
Closed-end
47
An Exchange Traded Fund that tracks the S&P 500
SPDR
48
An Exchange Traded Fund that tracks the Dow Jones Industrial Average
DIA
49
An Exchange Traded Fund that tracks the Nasdaq 100
QQQQ
50
Three mutual fund trading practices that are disapproved by the SEC unless stringent disclosure and financial requirements are met
Purchasing securities on margin, selling securities short and participating in joint trading accounts
51
Performs customer service functions on behalf of the mutual fund
Transfer agent
52
Responsible for the safekeeping and segregation of a mutual fund's securities
Custodian
53
Implements the investment strategy and invests on behalf of the mutual fund
Investment adviser
54
Defines the fund's investment objectives and oversees the direction of the fund
Board of Directors
55
Board Members who are independent or not connected with the mutual fund's key functions
Noninterested Parties
56
The amount of mutual fund Board members that must be noninterested
Majority
57
Also known as the sponsor or distributor, and is responsible for selling and marketing funds shares
Underwriter
58
Compensated by a percentage of a mutual fund's assets
Investment adviser
59
Paid a fee by a mutual fund to perform their functions
Custodian and transfer agent
60
Paid from sales charges to perform its function
Underwriter
61
Frequency that mutual funds must send financial reports to shareholders
Semi-annually
62
Financial document that mutual funds must provide shareholders upon written request
Balance sheet
63
The type of interest an investor owns in a mutual fund portfolio
Undivided
64
Type of security typically held by mutual funds with growth objectives
Common stock
65
Three types of securities that are held by mutual funds with income objectives
Bonds, preferred stock, blue chip common stock
66
Type of mutual fund that is focused on generating capital gains, and tends to reinvest most earnings
Growth fund
67
Type of mutual fund with low portfolio turnover and low expenses that tracks market performance
Index fund
68
Type of mutual fund that invests in stock for appreciation and bonds for income
Balanced
69
Type of mutual fund that authorizes the fund adviser to rebalance the percentage of holdings between cash and different investment categories
Asset allocation fund
70
Usually sold with no sales or liquidation fees
Money market funds
71
NAV of a single share of a money market fund
$1
72
Portfolio of securities held in tax-exempt bond funds
Municipalities (bonds and notes)
73
Type of mutual fund that is best suited to an investor seeking maximum safety
U.S. government bond fund
74
Maximum remaining maturity of funds held within a money market portfolio according to SEC rules
13 months
75
Maximum average portfolio maturity of securities in a money market portfolio according to SEC rules
90 days
76
Years of average annual performance that mutual funds must disclose in customer communications
1, 5 and 10 year, or since inception
77
Fund expenses/average net assets
Expense ratio
78
Expresses the rate at which a fund replaces the securities held in its portfolio
Portfolio turnover ratio
79
Type of fund that is likely to have a high expense and portfolio turnover ratio
Aggressive growth fund
80
The maximum amount of 12b-1 fee a no-load fund can charge
$0.0025 or 25 basis points
81
Fund's NAV/Number of Shares Outstanding
NAV per share
82
The impact on NAV per share when portfolio securities increase
Increase in NAV
83
The impact on NAV per share when shares are sold or redeemed
No impact
84
NAV + Sales Charge
POP
85
Another name for a back-end load
Contingent deferred sales charge
86
Calculation of a mutual fund share's POP
NAV/100% - sales charge %
87
Objective is to purchase mutual fund shares at a lower average cost per share than average price per share
Dollar cost averaging
88
Three types of mutual fund systematic withdrawal plans
Fixed share, fixed percentage and fixed time withdrawal plans
89
A risk associated with the loss of buying power from a fixed annuity's payment
Purchasing power risk
90
The annuity payout option that provides the largest monthly income amount
Life income (also called life only or straight life)
91
The annuity payout option that guarantees that income will be paid for the lives of two individuals
Joint life with last survivor
92
An annuity which begins paying income within 60 days of purchase
Immediate annuity
93
An annuity in which purchase payments are deposited according to a premium payment schedule until payments are started
Periodic payment deferred annuity
94
An annuity that provides both fixed and variable annuity benefits
Combination annuity
95
The insurance company account in which fixed annuity payments are invested
General account
96
A risk assumed by the owner of a variable annuity
Investment risk
97
Type of annuity that guarantees the rate of return that will be earned on the investment
Fixed annuity
98
The fee charged by an insurance company for guaranteeing annuity income for life
Mortality fee
99
Disclosure document that must be provided to investors when variable annuities or mutual funds are sold
Prospectus
100
An accounting measure used to determine the owner's interest in the separate account
Accumulation unit
101
Letters of intent used in connection with fund purchases are good for
13 months and can be backdated 90 days
102
The most suitable mutual fund share class for a substantial fund investor with a long term perspective is
Class A
103
Term of office for directors of mutual funds can be no greater than
5 years
104
A 12b-1 plan must be approved by majority vote of
shareholders, B.O.D. , and uninterested directors
105
To levy maximum sales charge, fund must offer both
breakpoints and rights of accumulation
106
A 12b-1 plan must be reapproved
annually
107
Distributions from 403(b) plans are
100% taxable
108
Amounts expended under 12b-1 plans must be reviewed
quarterly
109
Section of the Investment Company Act of 1940 that permits funds to charge ongoing fees for marketing and distribution
Section 12b-1
110
Document that allows an investor to receive a discounted sales charge on current and future funds invested within the same fund family
Letter of Intent
111
Mutual fund share class with a front end sales load
Class A shares
112
Mutual fund share class with a back-end load and 12b-1 fees
Class B shares
113
Primary disadvantage of most limited partnership investments
Lack of liquidity
114
Unique tax advantage available to investors in limited partnerships
Pass through of losses
115
Type of income that passive losses generated from limited partnerships can shelter
Passive income only
116
Has active management responsibility and acts as agent for a limited partnership
General partner
117
The document that must be completed by investors interested in becoming limited partners
Subscription agreement
118
Limited partnership loans for which a limited partner assumes repayment responsibility
Recourse loans
119
Document that must be signed and approved by the general partner before a limited partner is accepted
Subscription agreement
120
Partner in a limited partnership that assumes unlimited liability for business losses and debts
General partner
121
Two types of real estate limited partnerships for which tax credits may be available
Government-assisted housing; historic rehabilitation
122
Most risky type of oil and gas program
Exploratory (Wildcatting)
123
Objective is to drill near to existing oil fields to find new reserves
Developmental
124
Oil and gas program that provides income from sale of existing oil
Income program
125
Type of oil and gas program that generates the highest Intangible Drilling Costs
Exploratory
126
Drilling program costs that are 100% deductible in the first year of operation
Intangible Drilling Costs (IDCs)
127
Similar to depreciation, these allowances apply to the using up of natural resources
Depletion allowances
128
An oil and gas program that consists of both income and exploratory drilling
Combination program
129
Primary objective is to generate tax sheltered income from lease payments, and write-offs from expenses and depreciation
Equipment leasing program
130
Asset that cannot be depreciated
Land
131
A dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes due
Tax credit
132
Type of limited partnership note that increases a limited partner's cost basis
Recourse note
133
Impact of a cash distribution on a limited partner's cost basis
Reduction to cost basis
134
Two types of Section 529 Plans
Prepaid tuition plans and college savings plans
135
REITs
Real Estate Investment Trust. Must invest 75% of assets in real estate and must pass through 90% of net income to investors to qualify for favorable tax treatment.
136
General Partner in a Limited Partnership
Manages day-to-day operations, potentially has unlimited liability
137
Limited Partner in a Limited Partnership
Silent partner, has limited liability
138
An IRA rollover must be completed within
60 days and only 1 per year is permitted
139
Annual contribution to a Coverdell ESA is
$2,000 per beneficiary (non-deductible)
140
Distributions from tax deferred annuities are
100% taxable
141
A plan requiring the services of an actuary is
a defined benefit plan
142
The penalty that applies if funds are withdrawn from an annuity before age 59 1/2.
10% penalty on earnings
143
Investment requirement and pass-through requirement for REITs to qualify for favorable tax treatment
75% of assets invested in real estate and 90% of income passed through to investors
144
Taxation that applies to a lump sum withdrawal from an IRA account at age 55
Ordinary income + 10% penalty
145
21 years of age; one year of full time service, minimum of 1000 hours
ERISA-defined employee eligibility requirements for plan participation
146
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)
Federal regulation that specifies guidelines for private sector and certain union plans
147
Two types of options contracts
Calls and Puts
148
All options of a single issuer with the same class, exercise price and expiration month
Series
149
Options that can be exercised any time before contract expiration
American Style
150
Options that can be exercised only on the business day preceding expiration
European style
151
Number of shares within one option contract
$100
152
Has rights in an option contract
Holder (Buyer)
153
Has Obligations at contract exercise
Writer (Seller)
154
Right of a call buyer at contract exercise
Right to buy stock at exercise price
155
Obligation of a call writer at contract exercise
Obligation to sell stock at exercise price
156
Right of a put buyer at contract exercise
Right to sell stock at exercise price
157
Obligation of a put writer at contract exercise
Obligation to buy stock at exercise price
158
Market attitude of a call buyer
Bullish
159
Market attitude of a call writer
Bearish
160
Market attitude of a put buyer
Bearish
161
Market attitude of a put writer
Bullish
162
When a call is in the money
Market price exceeds strike price
163
When a put is in the money
Market price is less than strike price
164
Breakeven for a call
Strike price + premium
165
Breakeven for a put
Strike price - premium
166
Breakeven point for: Short ABC Jan 50 put for 3
$47
167
Breakeven point for: Long ABC Jan 50 put for 3
$47
168
Breakeven point for: Short ABC Jan 50 call for 3
$53
169
Breakeven point for Long ABC Jan 50 call for 3
$53
170
Intrinsic value for: Long XYZ Jan 50 call for 3; XYZ is 52
$2
171
Intrinsic value for: Short XYZ Jan 50 call for 3; XYZ is 52
$2
172
Intrinsic value for: Long XYZ Jan 50 put for 3; XYZ is 51
$0
173
Intrinsic value for: Long XYZ Jan 50 put for 3; XYZ is 49
$1
174
Intrinsic value for: Short XYZ Jan 45 call for 4; XYZ is 48
$3
175
Intrinsic value for: Short XYZ Jan 45 call for 4; XYZ is 43
$0
176
The time value of an XYZ 50 call for 3 when XYZ is 49
$3
177
The time value of an XYZ 50 call for 3 when XYZ is 52
$1
178
The time value of an XYZ 30 put for 6 when XYZ is 26
$2
179
The time value of an XYZ 30 put for 6 when XYZ is 32
$6
180
Two factors that determine the premium of an option contract
Time value and Intrinsic value
181
An asset that loses all value over a period of time
Wasting asset
182
Maximum gain for a long call
Unlimited
183
Maximum gain for a short call
Premium
184
Maximum gain for a long put
Strike price - premium
185
Maximum gain for a short put
Premium
186
Maximum loss for a call buyer
Premium
187
Maximum loss for a call writer
Unlimited
188
Maximum loss for a put buyer
Premium
189
Maximum loss for a put writer
Strike price - premium
190
Closing transaction for a put writer
buy a put
191
The use of options to protect a stock position
Hedging
192
Full protection for a long stock position
Long put
193
Full protection for a short stock position
Long call
194
Partial protection for a long stock position
Short call
195
Partial protection for a short stock position
Short put
196
Selling calls when holding a long stock position
Covered call writing
197
Typical index option contract multiplier
$100
198
Type of index that reflects the movement of the market overall
Broad-based (OEX, SPX)
199
Type of index that tracks movement of a specific industry
Narrow-based
200
Expiration of index options
The third Friday of expiration month
201
Foreign currency options strategies used when value of currency is expected to rise against the US dollar
Buy foreign currency calls; sell foreign currency puts
202
Foreign currency options strategies used when value of currency is expected to fall against the US dollar
Buy foreign currency puts; sell foreign currency calls
203
Foreign currency options strategies used when U.S. dollar is expected to rise in value against the Canadian dollar
Buy Canadian dollar puts; sell Canadian dollar calls
204
Foreign currency options strategies used when U.S. dollar is expected to fall in value against the Canadian dollar
Buy Canadian dollar calls; sell Canadian dollar puts
205
Settlement of currency options
Next business day (T + 1)
206
Expiration of equity options
Saturday following the third Friday of the month at 11:59 p.m.
207
When stock must be delivered as a result of equity option exercise
T + 2 (regular way settlement) Updated for rule amendment effective Sept. 5, 2017
208
Clearing agent for listed options contract, issues and guarantees all listed option contracts
Options Clearing Corporation (OCC)
209
Disclosure document that must be provided to the customer on or before account approval
Options Disclosure Document
210
Deadline for return of the signed options agreement by the customer
Within 15 days of account approval
211
Principal required by FINRA that is accountable for options sales supervision and review of customer accounts that trade options
Registered Options Principal (ROP)
212
Required Percentage of Independent Directors on a Mutual Fund
At least 40% of a mutual fund's board must be independent. Independent board members are not employees of the mutual fund or family members of employees of the mutual fund
213
Independent Directors
Independent board members are not employees of the company or family members of employees of the company.
214
How often mutual funds send shareholder reports
Mutual funds sent shareholder reports semi-annually. The report includes balance sheet, income statement, & the investment portfolio.
215
SEC Rule 482
SEC Rule 482 allows a mutual fund to advertise with a summary prospectus, provided it discloses fees, past performance, and where investors can obtain the full statutory prospectus.
216
Growth stock mutual fund
A mutual fund that invests with the primary goal of capital appreciation as opposed to income. These companies will generally reinvest most of their earnings for expansion, research or development.
217
Income stock mutual fund
A mutual that invests with the objective of generating regular current income by investing in securities that pay dividends.
218
Combination fund
A mutual fund that seeks both growth (capital gains) and income through a diversified portfolio of stocks.
219
Sector funds
A mutual fund that focuses on a particular geographic region, economic sector, or particular industry. Sector funds may offer higher returns with higher risk because of a lack of diversification.
220
Special situation funds
A mutual fund that seeks to achieve returns based on unique or unusual corporate circumstances such as spin-offs, tender offers, bankruptcy proceedings, or M&A activity.
221
Index fund
A mutual fund that passive tracks a market index such as the S&P 500 or NASDAQ 100. These funds generally offer low-turnover, low expenses, and tax efficiency.
222
International fund
A mutual fund that invests in securities issued outside the United States. International funds can seek, growth, income, or a combination of the two. An additional risk of an international fund is currency risk.
223
Global fund
A mutual fund that invests in securities issued both inside and outside the United States. Global funds can seek, growth, income, or a combination of the two. An additional risk of an international fund is currency risk.
224
Tax-free bond funds
A tax-free bond fund invests in municipal bonds because they generate tax-free interest income. Many investment companies offer state-specific tax-free bond funds; e.g. a New York tax-free bond fund invests only in New York municipal bonds, a New Jersey tax-free bond fund invests only in New Jersey municipal bonds.
225
Balanced fund
A mutual fund that invests in both stocks (for growth or income) and bonds (for income). In general, these are more conservative investments than stock mutual funds.
226
Money-market fund
Money-market funds are no-load (no sales charge) open-end mutual funds that invest in high-quality short-term debt. Investors choose money-market funds for safety and liquidity.
227
Mutual fund performance disclosures
Mutual funds must disclose their 1, 5, and 10 year average annual return, assuming the max sales load (i.e. no breakpoints).
228
Mutual fund expense ratio
The expense ratio is the calculated as the sum of the management fee plus operating expenses divided by the fund's average net assets.
229
Annuity
A tax-deferred investment with a life insurance company to provide a stream of retirement income.
230
Fixed annuity
An annuity investment where the invested principal grows at a fixed rate. Fixed annuities are not securities.
231
Variable annuities
An annuity investment where the invested principal grows at a variable rate based on market investments. Variable annuities are securities.
232
Annuitization
The process that converts an annuity investment (the principal and growth) into a stream of regular payments. Upon annuitization an annuity typically loses its death benefit.
233
Assumed Interest Rate (AIR)
The Assumed Interest Rate (AIR) is the rate of return that an annuity's separate account's rate of return will be compared to in determining whether investor's payments will increase, decrease, or stay the same.
234
Combination annuity
A combination annuity combines features of a variable annuity (some principal is invested in the separate account for market returns) and a fixed annuity (some principal is invested in the general account for fixed returns).
235
Index annuity
An index annuity is an annuity product that offers downside protection (guarantee against loss) but with limited upside through a participation rate and cap rate. These often carry higher fees and longer surrender charges.
236
403(b) plan
A 403(b) plan is a qualified variable annuity that offers tax-deductible (pre-tax) contributions and tax-deferred earnings & growth. All distributions are taxed as ordinary income. These are available to public sector employees.
237
Term life Insurance
A life insurance policy that lasts for a set number of years. After the term the policy ends. Term policies do not accumulate cash value. Term life insurance is the cheapest way to obtain life insurance.
238
Whole life insurance
A life insurance policy that lasts until the insured's death. Both the death benefit and premiums are fixed and do not change during the policy's life. Whole life insurance policies accumulate cash value (typically 3-5%).
239
Life insurance cash value
The cash value of a life insurance policy is a savings element attached to a policy. The cash value grows, often a fixed rate, while the insured makes premium payments. If the policy is surrendered the insured will receive the cash value.
240
Life insurance policy loan
An insured may take a loan against the cash value portion of a life insurance policy. While the loan is outstanding, the insured pays interest to the insurance company. If the insured dies with a loan outstanding, the amount will be subtracted from the death benefit.
241
Universal life insurance
A life insurance policy that offers adjustable death benefits and adjustable premium payments. Universal policies also offer higher interest rates on the cash value portion. This include a market interest rate (changes annually) and a contract rate (a fixed minimum rate).
242
Variable life insurance
A life insurance policy where premiums are invested in the insurance company's separate account and invested in the market by the policy holder. Variable life carries a minimum guaranteed death benefit.
243
Universal variable life insurance
A life insurance policy with flexible premiums and a flexible death benefit. Premiums are invested in the market and accumulate cash value.
244
# Define:
**aggressive growth fund**
An equity mutual fund that invests in stocks of riskier companies that are expected to appreciate at a much faster rate than the market average. Stocks of these companies rarely pay dividends; instead earnings are reinvested further for research and development.
245
# Define:
**rights of accumulation**
Offer investors an opportunity to receive breakpoints on new mutual fund purchases based on the current value of those customers’ invested funds.
246
# Define:
**breakpoint sale**
A prohibited sales practice in which a registered representative tries to earn a higher commission by encouraging the sale of mutual fund shares at an amount just below the point where the sales charge is reduced.
247
# Define:
**selling dividends**
A prohibited practice in which a registered representative sells a mutual fund to an
investor right before the fund pays out a dividend. This is a violation because the dividend distribution creates a tax liability for the investor, as the investor must immediately pay taxes on the distribution.
248
# Define:
**net investment income**
Net investment income is the total profits that an individual earns from their investments. For mutual fund investments, this would include any dividends plus interest income plus net capital gains (capital gains minus capital losses).
249
# Define:
**preferred stock fund**
A mutual fund that invests in preferred stock in order to generate dividend income for investors.
250
# Define:
**voluntary accumulation plan**
A benefit offered by a mutual fund that allows existing shareholders the right to purchase more shares at regular intervals with no additional sales charge.
251
# Define:
**back-end load**
A back-end sales charge that investors pay when they redeem their mutual fund shares within a certain number of years. Generally, this fee will decrease each year the investor holds the shares.
252
# Define:
**Class A share**
A type of mutual fund share that has a front-end sales charge, which investors pay when they buy into the fund. This share class tends to be the most economical for investors, as it offers breakpoints and has lower 12b-1 fees than other classes of shares.
253
# Define:
**Class B share**
A type of mutual fund share that has a back-end sales charge which investors pay if they redeem their shares within a specified number of years. This share class typically has higher 12b-1 fees than class A shares and does not offer breakpoints.
254
# Define:
**Class C share**
A type of mutual fund share that has a level-load sales charge. These shares typically have relatively high 12b-1 fees and do not offer breakpoints.
255
# Define:
**closed-end fund**
A type of management investment company that issues a fixed number of exchange-traded shares. Similar to mutual funds, these types of investment companies are actively managed and have a net asset value. However, because an active secondary market exists for these, share prices are based on supply and demand.
256
# Define:
**contingent deferred sales charge**
A back-end sales charge that investors pay when they redeem their mutual fund shares within a certain number of years. Generally, this fee will decrease each year the investor holds the shares.
257
# Define:
**expense ratio**
A calculation of a mutual fund’s expenses, including management fees and operating expenses, divided by the fund’s average annual net assets.
258
# Define:
**Investment Advisers Act of 1940**
A federal legislation that defines and regulates investment advisers.
259
# Define:
**letter of intent (LOI)**
A contract offered by a mutual fund that allows a purchaser to invest in installments and receive breakpoints. An LOI is good for up to 13 months and can be backdated 90 days. If the customer fails to meet the terms, the otherwise applicable sales charges will apply.
260
# Define:
**load**
Also referred to as the sales charge, it is the fee an investor pays when buying a mutual fund share. To calculate the public offering price, the sales load is added to the NAV.
261
# Define:
**management fee**
The fee paid to the investment advisor who is responsible for actively managing the portfolio of a management investment company, such as a mutual fund or closed-end fund. It is typically the greatest expense of any management company.
262
# Define:
**management company**
A type of investment company that actively manages a portfolio of securities to achieve a stated investment objective for investors. This is the most common type of investment company and includes both closed-end funds as well as mutual funds.
263
# Define:
**money market fund**
A mutual fund that consists of money market securities, which are short-term debt instruments with maturities of one year or less. These funds are considered extremely safe and liquid.
264
# Define:
**open-end management company**
Also known as a mutual fund, it is a management investment company that makes a continuous offering of redeemable shares. The portfolio of the fund is actively managed to achieve a clearly defined investment objective. However, because the shares are redeemable, there is no secondary market trading; instead the shares can only be bought from and sold back to the fund.
265
# Define:
Reinvestment Privilege
Allow mutual fund investors to reinvest distributions into the fund at the NAV without having to pay any sales charges on these new purchases. Investors must still pay taxes on these distributions, however.
266
# Define:
**12b-1 fee**
Annual fees paid by investors to cover a mutual fund’s marketing and distribution expenses. The maximum 12b-1 fee that a fund can charge is 1% of the fund’s average net assets, though if a fund wants to advertise itself as being no-load (not having a sales charge), then it cannot charge 12b-1 fees of more than 0.25% of the average net assets.
267
# Define:
**unit investment trust (UIT)**
An investment company that issues redeemable securities representing an undivided interest in a trust. As with mutual funds, no secondary market exists for these. However, unlike management companies, there is a fixed portfolio with no active management.
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# Define:
**balanced fund**
A mutual fund that combines invests in stocks for growth and bonds for income.
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# Define:
**dollar cost averaging**
A method of purchasing shares in a mutual fund where the investor invests a fixed dollar amount at regular intervals. Over long periods of time, this will typically allow investors to have an average cost per share lower than the average price per share as they will buy more shares when prices are low and fewer when prices are high.
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# Define:
**non-diversified management company**
An investment company that does not meet the 75-5-10 diversification requirements set forth under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
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# Define:
**ETF**
An exchange-traded investment company security that is designed to closely track the performance of a specific sector, benchmark, or index. The fund is not actively managed and typically only changes when the underlying benchmark it tracks changes.
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# Define:
**Growth Fund**
An equity mutual fund that invests in stocks of companies that are expected to appreciate at a faster rate than the market average. Stocks of these companies rarely pay dividends; instead earnings are reinvested further for research and development.
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# Define:
**Income Fund**
An equity mutual fund that invests in dividend-paying companies including utility stocks, blue chip stocks, and preferred stocks.
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# Define:
**Growth and Income Fund**
Also referred to as a growth and income fund, it is an equity mutual fund that includes some stock for growth and others that pay high dividends.
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# Define:
**mutual fund**
Also known as an open-end fund, it is a management investment company that makes a continuous offering of redeemable shares. The portfolio of the fund is actively managed to achieve a clearly defined investment objective. However, because the shares are redeemable, there is no secondary market trading; instead the shares can only be bought from and sold back to the fund.
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The tax that a mutual fund shareholder pays on capital gains distributions from the fund are based on
**the holding period of the fund**
## Footnote
As long as the mutual fund held the security in its portfolio for greater than one year, any capital gains that are realized are long-term capital gains for the fund investors regardless of how long they have held the shares of the fund.
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A mutual fund investors decides to automatically reinvest dividends rather than take a cash distribution. Is this a taxable event?
Yes, mutual fund dividends are taxed when declared by the fund regardless if they are taken in cash or reinvested back into the fund.
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Systematic withdrawal plan
A mutual fund redemption option which allows investors to withdraw a fixed amount (e.g. fixed dollar amount, fixed percentage of the account, or fixed number of shares) in regular intervals.
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What investor type is best suited for municipal bond funds?
High income investors who will most benefit from the tax-free interest income provided by municipal bonds
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What is the **maximum amount** a mutual fund can charge as sales charge?
A mutual fund can charge no more than 8.5% of the offering price.
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Who determines the **ex-dividend** date for a mutual fund?
The **board of directors** of a mutual fund will set the ex-dividend date. In order to receive the dividend, an investor must purchase shares prior to the ex-dividend date.
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**Breakpoint**
Discounts off the sales charge based on the amount of money invested within a mutual fund.
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What are mutual expenses not covered in a 12b-1 fee?
Management expenses and trading fees
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An investment company that pursues a **sector investment strategy** focuses on:
**a specific industry**
## Footnote
A sector focus strategy generally looks for securities from a particular sector or industry such as financial services, telecommunications, technology, etc.
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Which types of investment companies are redeemable?
**Mutual funds and unit investment trusts**
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What is not a benefit of investing in a fund of funds hedge fund?
**lower fees**
## Footnote
Fund of funds hedge funds typically charge much higher fees than a direct investment in a hedge fund because the manager in charge of the fund of funds adds its fee on top of the fees charged by the funds that comprise the fund of funds.
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# Define:
**Net Asset Value**
The value of a mutual fund, calculated as the total assets of the fund divided by its total liabilities. When a customer purchases a share, he pays the public offering price, which includes the NAV plus a sales charge. When a customer sells his shares back to the fund, he receives the NAV.
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What is an **expense ratio** of a mutual fund?
The expense ratio is the **total annual expenses divided by the total net assets of the fund**.
This expresses how much of the fund's return is actually being used to pay expenses and management of the fund. The higher the expense ratio -- the less efficient mutual fund.
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What is the formula for calculating the percentage sales charge of a mutual fund?
**(POP - NAV)/POP**
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What percentage of net investment income must a mutual fund distribute to shareholders to avoid taxation?
**90%**
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What are two major differences between mutual funds and ETFs?
Mutual funds are actively managed and redeemable (meaning there is no secondary market). ETFs, on the other hand, are not actively managed and are exchange-traded.
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A mutual fund has an NAV of $18 and charges a sales charge of 3%, calculate the POP.
**$18.56**
| POP = NAV/(100% - SC)
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How does the portfolio turnover rate for ETFs compare to mutual funds?
**Lower**
## Footnote
Because ETFs are not actively managed, there is very little turnover of securities within the pool.
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Because they are passively managed, the capital gains that ETFs generate are typically
**minimized**
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**Describe the pricing of closed-ended funds**
**Because they are exchange-traded, closed-end funds may trade at a premium of discount to the NAV based on the supply and demand of the shares**
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# True or false.
Futures have counterparty risk
**False**
## Footnote
Futures are guaranteed by a clearinghouse and therefore have no credit or counterparty risk.
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# True or false.
Forwards have counterparty risk
**True**
## Footnote
Fowards are not guaranteed by a clearinghouse and therefore have credit and counterparty risk.
