4 Pain Flashcards
(50 cards)
Why is pain undertreated? (2)
hard to measure and addiction control
pain is ________ and ___________ therefore we rely on the patients ___________ to assess their pain
Subjective
Multidimensional
Self report
What are the dimensions of pain? (6)
-Physiological
-Sensory discriminative (pain perception)
-motivational effective (emotional response to pain)
-Behavioural (actions to stop pain)
-Cognitive evaluative (beliefs and meaning of pain)
-socio cultural (age, sex, etc. contribute to pain)
What is Nociception?
What are the two types of nociceptive pain?
Can it be treated by opioids or non opioids?
tissue damage pain
Visceral - organ pain
Somatic - anywhere on body pain
Both
What are the 4 steps for physiological pain to be perceived ?
-Transduction (stimulus releases chemicals to make action potential)
-Transmission (pain impulse to spine and brain)
-Perception (concious feeling of pain in brain)
-Modulation (adjust pain level in body)
In the sensory discriminative dimension of pain, how do we recognize pain? Use the acronym PAIN.
-recognizing pain sensation as:
P -pattern
A -area
I- intensity
N -nature
What are the two causes and types of pain?
Duration (acute and persistant)
Pathology (Nociceptive and Neuropathic)
Nociceptive Pain can be _________ or _________ tissue.
Somatic (structure and surface)
Visceral (organs)
_________ is body wall tissue, and _________ is internal organ tissue.
Somatic
Visceral
What is Neuropathic Pain?
How does it feel?
Damage to peripheral nerve or central nervous system
Burning, shooting or electrical
What is an Equianalgesic dose?
Why is it important for pain releif?
A dose of painkiller that gives equal effect as a different one.
Sometimes doctors switch medications or drug forms but we need to find the right dose that gives equal pain releif
What are analgesics?
Pain killers
On a pain scale of 1-10 what is considered mild, moderate, and severe pain?
1-3 mild
4-6 moderate
4-10 moderate to severe
What is the ceiling effect?
After a certain dose, taking more of the medication won’t give you more pain relief.
Example:
Let’s say a drug has a ceiling dose of 400 mg.
Taking:
200 mg → relieves pain
400 mg → gives more relief
600 mg → gives no extra relief
What medications treat mild pain?
Do these have a ceiling effect?
Nonopioid analgesics
(Aspirin and other salicylates, NSAIDs, and acetaminophen [Tylenol])
Yes
What medications treat moderate pain?
morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone, methadone
What medications should we use for moderate to severe pain?
Morphine
Methadone
Fentanyl
Oxycodone
Neuropathic pain is caused by ________ ________ and often does not respond well to ________ and _________ medication.
nerve damage
opiod
non-opiod
What are the two basic categories of analgesics?
-opioids
-nonopioids
What are Opiod Agonists?
What are Opiod Antagonists?
What are Mixed (Agonist/Antagonist)?
activate both mu and kappa receptors for pain relief
(morphine, oxycodone)
block both mu and kappa receptors, Blocks pain relief (reverses opioid)
Narcan
Turns on one, blocks the other
What are Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)?
ibuprofen and COX-2 inhibitors
mild to moderate pain
most are available over-the-counter
go everywhere in the body
True or false: Morphine activates mu and kappa receptors
True
What is reffered pain?
What is phantom pain?
Pain felt in a different area than the actual source (e.g., heart attack felt in the arm).
Pain felt in a missing limb after amputation; caused by nerve and brain activity.
what is the difference between an opiod and a non-opioid?
Opioids - Block pain in the brain (e.g., morphine, oxycodone).
Non-Opioids - Block pain at its site
(e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen).
