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BISC 303 > 21, 22. Immunology > Flashcards

21, 22. Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

The function of the specific immune system is characterized by the 3 R’s. What are they?

A
  1. Recognize
  2. Respond
  3. Remember
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2
Q

4 ways the specific/acquired/adaptive immune system differs from the innate one?

A
  1. Discrimination
  2. Diversity
  3. Specificity
  4. Memory
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3
Q

Duration of specific immunity?

A

3 months - lifetime

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4
Q

Difference between natural active and natural passive immunity?

A

Natural active = individual’s lifetime exposure to foreign material

Natural passive = transfer of maternal Abs via placental/colostrum)

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5
Q

Difference between artificial active and passive immunity?

A

Artificial active = vaccination

Artificial passive = administer Abs against specific foreign material to another individual

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6
Q

2 things that foreign materials provoke?

A

Production of specific Abs against the material

Proliferation+differentiation of a subset of WBCs (leukocytes) => lymphocytes

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7
Q

What are the 2 arms of the vertebrate immune system?

A
  1. Humoral = Abs secreted by B-lymphocytes

2. Cell-mediated = cytokines secreted by T-lymphocytes

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8
Q

What are cytokines

A

Any soluble protein released by a cell pop. that acts as an intercellular mediator or signaling molecules

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9
Q

Example of a specific type of cytokine?

A

Chemokine

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10
Q

Antibodies are secreted by?

A

B-lymphocytes

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11
Q

Cytokines are secreted by?

A

T-lymphocytes

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12
Q

Cytokines are local ______________

A

peptide mediators

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13
Q

Source of undifferentiated lymphocytes? How many produced each day?

A

Bone marrow

10^9 cells/day

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14
Q

Which type of lymphocyte makes up the majority? What percentage?

A

T-lymphocytes

~70% of all circulating lymphocytes

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15
Q

Where do T-cells mature? B-cells?

A

T-cells: thymus

B-cells: bone marrow, fetal liver

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16
Q

What do T-cells attack?

A

Virally infected cells, cancer cells, transplant tissue

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17
Q

What do B-cells BIND?

A

Bacteria, viruses/virions, bacterial toxins

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18
Q

Where do B and T cells travel to? Via what?

A

To lymphoid tissues via bloodstream

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19
Q

What are the 5 different Ig classes and their corresponding Greek letter?

A

Ig: A, G, E, D, M

alpha, beta, epsilon, delta, mu

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20
Q

6 locations that lymphocytes heavily populate?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic system, lymph, MALT (mucous-associated lymphoid tissue), SALT (skin-associated lymphoid tissue)

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21
Q

Professional phagocytes are known as?

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Clotting platelets

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23
Q

2 human blood cells involved in allergic reactions?

A

Basophils and eosinophils

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24
Q

What are dendritic cells? Function?

A

Macrophage-like cells

Samples and then engulfs foreign material

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25
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

B-cells that are producing antibodies

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26
Q

Size of antigens?

A

Usually >10kDa

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27
Q

Antigens can be what 3 things?

A

Protein, glycoprotein, carbohydrate

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28
Q

3 examples of antigens?

A

Outer membrane proteins of G- bacteria

Viral spike proteins

LPS

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29
Q

What is a hapten?

A

A molecule that is NOT immunogenic on its own, but when bound to a carrier protein (can be from host) => forms an antigen

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30
Q

Example of a hapten?

A

Penicillin

31
Q

Difference between the 2 branches of the adaptive immune system? (Humoral vs cell-mediated)

A

Humoral - antibody-mediated; secreted by B-lymphocytes

Cell-mediated - involves specialized WBCs aka T-lymphocytes that secrete cytokines

32
Q

Each antibody recognizes ____ epitope(s)

An antigen may possess ____ epitope(s)

A

An Ab recognizes ONE epitopte

An antigen may possess >1 epitope

33
Q

The # of antigenic determinants possessed by an antigen is called?

A

Valence

34
Q

The disulfide bonds that link heavy chains together is also called the ___________

A

hinge region

35
Q

Size of light chains? Heavy chains?

A

Light 25kDa, heavy 75 kDa each

36
Q

What does Fab and Fc stand for?

A

antigen-binding fragment

crystallizable fragment

37
Q

Which 2 Ig’s are found on the surface of B-cells?

A

IgD and IgM

38
Q

Which Ig is found in abundance in mucous secretions?

A

IgA

39
Q

Which Ig is transferred to babies through breast milk?

A

sIgA (secretory IgA)

40
Q

Macrophages have receptors of what region of Ig’s?

A

Fc region

41
Q

5 different results of antigen-antibody binding?

A

Precipitation (soluble antigen)

Neutralization (reduces infectivity)

Complement fixation (cell destruction)

Agglutination (cell clumping)

Opsonization (Fc receptors cell destruction)

42
Q

Which Ig makes up 15% of the total Ig pool? 10%?

A

15% = IgA

10% = IgM

43
Q

of possible antibodies = ____ different epitopes

A

10^13

44
Q

3 ways antibodies can bind to a huge diversity of antigen structures?

A
  1. Exon shuffling in Ab genes
  2. Differential splicing of Ab genes
  3. B-cell undergoes high level of somatic mutation during differentiation
45
Q

What is somatic mutation?

A

Mutations of the variable regions of Ig genes => usually SINGLE BASE substitutions

46
Q

What does B cell differentiation have to do with generation specific Abs? What is this called?

A

Each B-lymphocyte is stimulated by a specific antigen to produce a complementary specific Ab

Clonal selection theory

47
Q

4 tenets of clonal selection theory?

A
  1. Each body must contain a pool of lymphocytes that possess a range of antigenic sites
  2. Lymphocytes that react to self-molecules are eliminated early in development
  3. Each lymphocyte must have a receptor for a specific antigen
  4. Each B cell clone has to be able to generate Abs to its antigen
48
Q

Antigen binding to the Ab on the B cell results in?

A

Proliferation+differentiation of the B cell clone

49
Q

What 2 things does a B cell differentiate into?

A

Plasma cell (secretes Abs)

Memory cell

50
Q

Memory cell activation requires what?

A

Help of T cell

51
Q

About how many Abs per second are produced due to B cell differentiation?

A

2000

52
Q

An immune response can occur WITH or W/O the participation of __________

A

T cells

53
Q

Almost all antigens are _____-dependent

A

T cell

54
Q

True or false? B cells are not APCs

A

False.

B cells are also antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

55
Q

What are interleukins? Example of one?

A

Small peptides secreted by WBCs to stimulate and activate other WBCs

Cytokines

56
Q

What are BCDFs?

A

B cell differentiation factors

Generates plasma and memory cells

57
Q

What assists B cells in becoming memory cells?

A

T cells

58
Q

What is MHCII and its function?

A

Major histocompatibility complex II

A self-molecule that binds and presents antigens to T cells

59
Q

Where are MHCII found?

A

On APCs

B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

60
Q

T cell receptors recognize what?

A

The MHCII+antigen complex AS A WHOLE ONLY

61
Q

Where are T cell receptors found?

A

On the surface of T-helper cells

62
Q

Can T cell recognize foreign antigens in a similar manner to B cells? Why/why not?

A

No

They need to recognize a processed/digested antigen in the context of a self-molecule

63
Q

Capping is best achieved by an antigen with what structure?

A

Polymeric antigen (repeating polysaccharides or protein subunits)

64
Q

Example of a polymeric antigen?

A

Peptidoglycan

65
Q

Which Ig class responds to pathogens first? Which class follows?

A

IgM first

IgG follows

66
Q

During the primary response latent period of a antibody titre graph, pathogens can undergo ______________________

A

their full life cycle

67
Q

Ig class primarily involved in the secondary response?

A

IgG

68
Q

How does secondary response differ from primary response (Antibody titre graph)?

Latent period
Log phase
Ab titre
Plateau

A

Latent period DECREASED

Log phase STEEPER

Ab titre HIGHER

Plateau LONGER

69
Q

In T cell INDEPENDENT antigen, which Ig is involved? Is immunological memory involved?

A

IgM

No immunological memory

70
Q

In T cell DEPENDENT antigen, which Ig’s are involved?

A

IgA, IgG, IgE

71
Q

Which specific subgroup of T-lymphocytes is involved in T cell DEPENDENT antigen rxn?

A

T-helper cells (TH cells)

or CD4+ T cells/ Th2 cells

72
Q

Which Ig(s) can be transferred via the placenta?

A

IgG ONLY

73
Q

Order the 5 Ig’s from lasting longest in blood to shortest

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

74
Q

What unique thing do mast cells contain?

A

Granules packed with histamines

BISC 303 (22 decks)

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