409 Final 6 (cancer) Flashcards by Richard smith

anytime cells grow and its not needed for normal development or healing, its called

neoplasia

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Neoplasms can be benign or cancer, but they come from

normal cells originally

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In normal cells, the nucleus

doesn’t take up much room

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Normal cells have specific functions and they

tightly adhere to each other

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benign cells overall description

Normal cells that are just growing in the wrong place and wrong time

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Benign cells still look like

the cells they came from (which is normal)

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Benign cells’ nucleus is

small

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Benign cells function

normal

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Benign cells growth

even though the grow at the wrong time, the RATE is normal

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Initiation

the 1st step of CA development

Normal cells that promote reproduction are turned on too high

Initiation is irreversible

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Promotion

this is when the initiated cell is encouraged to grow

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latency period

the time between initiation and overt tumor

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Promoters

are things that shorten the latency period

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Progression

this is an increase in malignancy

During this time, the tumor develops its own blood supply

The cells might differentiate making the tumor more malignant and strong

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The cells might differentiate making the tumor more malignant and strong

Progression

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During this time, the tumor develops its own blood supply

Progression

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Progression: During this time, the tumor develops

its own blood supply

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If the primary tumor is in soft tissue, like the breast

it doesn’t life threatening until it spreads

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The last stage in CA development is

Mets

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3 classification systems

Grading
Ploidy
Staging

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classification systems: Grading

Some CA has more malignant qualities than others. The stronger the qualities, the higher the grade

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classification systems: Ploidy

Tells you how malignant it is based on how far off the chromosomes are

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classification systems: Staging

based on Mets and location

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Mitotic index

% of actively dividing cells in the tumor

less than 10% = slow growing
greater than 85% = fast growing

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There are 3 factors that really contribute to CA development

Genetics Carcinogens Immune Functions

The single most important factor in CA development

old age

Under the primary prevention, umbrella, there is limiting

associated factors for example women having multiple sex partners isn't a proven cause, but IS associated with CA

Under the primary prevention, umbrella, there is ___ to prevent viruses causing CA

vaccine

With radiation therapy, you don't lose scalp hair because

its not systemic, its local

What are the terms for radiation given and radiation absorbed

exposure and dose

radiation therapy: Teletherapy: the patient is not

radioactive and not hazardous to others

radiation therapy: Teletherapy: you need to make sure the patient can maintain

a specific position while shooting the beam at them

radiation therapy: Brachytherapy

the one with the implant

Care of radiation pt: the door

to their room should be closed

Care of radiation pt: pregnant nurses

shouldn't go in there

Care of radiation pt: visitors (time and space)

no more than 30 min 6 feet back

Care of radiation pt: Don't take any dressings or sheets

out of the room

Care of radiation pt: Skin care

wash with water and mild soap | powders/creams only if prescribed

Care of radiation pt: only the local site is affected, but the affects

could be permanent | the exception to the "local rule" is taste and fatigue, which can be affected

Nadir

the period of chemo where the WBCs are at their lowest

The dose is based on

patient size and type of CA

The major concern when giving chemo IV is

extravassation aka infiltration

The major concern when giving chemo IV is extravassation; you should be OK if the amount that leaked is

less than .5 ml

Some chemo can be taken orally. Note these meds are

just as toxic as the IV forms

CA can become resistant by

skipping doses

Sometimes cytoprotectants can be given with chemo to

reduce SE

The most common reason for needing to change the chemo dose is the

hematologic SE

After chemo is finished, bone marrow suppression

should improve

BRM

biologic response modifiers, which can help counter act the bone marrow suppression

Teach the CNA that even if the patient is very tired,

some hygiene can't be delayed , like mouth care

Any temperature over 100

is a potential emergency in a neutropenic patient

The one thing you do NOT have to worry about re: infection

don't worry about the CA pt infecting OTHER ppl

Platelets less than ___ can cause bleeding from minor trauma; less than ___ can cause spontaneous bleeding

50k | 20k

anemic/trombocytopenic patient: if trauma occurs, apply

ice

anemic/trombocytopenic patient: tell them not to

blow their nose

Alopecia prevention

you can't

Alopecia: teach them not to wear

headsets/things that rub on the scalp

Chemo induced peripheral neuropathy

sometimes permanent | no prevention

Chemo induced peripheral neuropathy: your goal is to

prevent injury

What does hormone therapy do

slows growth, but doesn't cure it

Targeted therapy: how does it work

blocks communication that's needed for the cells to replicate

Sepsis is a CA emergency, and also increases the risk for another CA emergency:

DIC

SIADH: increased fluid causes what electrolyte problem

hyponatremia

CA emergency: Can be caused by the tumor directly invading bone, or can be from bone degradation

Spinal cord compression

CA emergency: Spinal cord compression: tx could include ____ to decrease the swelling

steroids

CA emergency: Spinal cord compression: ___ can be used to shrink the tumor

radiation

CA emergency: Spinal cord compression: ___ can be used to remove the tumor

surgery

CA emergency: SVC syndrome

the SVC is squished by a tumor

CA emergency: SVC syndrome: the patient wakes up in the morning, they may have facial edema because

the fluid is being pushed back up to the head

CA emergency: SVC syndrome: as it progresses they'll have

erythemia in the upper body

CA emergency: TLS:

When a bunch of cells are killed and contents spill everywhere

CA emergency: TLS: can lead to what kind of injury

AKI

CA emergency: TLS: a good way to prevent it is

hydration

CA emergency: TLS: severe hyperkalemia may need

diuretics and IV glucose + insulin

409 Final 6 (cancer) Flashcards

(74 cards)