HESI Digestive

Question 1

___ is the movement of food through the digestive tract

Answer 1

propulsion

Question 2

Besides the stomach, additional churning occurs in the ___ ___

Answer 2

small intestine

Question 3

Food is churned in the small intestine. This process called ___ is similar to peristalsis, except that the rhythmic timing of the muscle constrictions forces food back and forth instead of forward only

Answer 3

segmentation

Question 4

When digested food enters the body it’s now called ___

Answer 4

nutrients

Question 5

How many layers aka tunics are associated with the D tract

Answer 5

4

Question 6

The 4 layers are

Answer 6

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

Question 7

The mucosa has 3 layers itself. the 1st is the ___, the innermost layer. it’s composed of simple columnar epithelium or stratified squamous epithelium.

Answer 7

epithelium

Question 8

In the epithelium of the mucosa, there are ___ cells and ___ cells

Answer 8

goblet cells

endocrine cells

Question 9

The 2nd layer of the mucosa is the ___ ___

Answer 9

lamina propria

Question 10

The lamina propria is composed of ___ connective tissue

Answer 10

areolar connective tissue

Question 11

___ vessels and ___ vessels are in the lamina propria

Answer 11

blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Question 12

The lamina propria also has the ___ ___ ___ ___ (MALT) which is lymphatic tissue bearing lymphocytes and macrophages that protect the GI tract

Answer 12

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

Question 13

The 3rd and outer layer of the mucosa is the ___ ___

Answer 13

muscularis mucosae

Question 14

The muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of ___ ___ which is responsible for the folds that increase surface area

Answer 14

smooth muscle

Question 15

After the mucosa is the submucosa. It contains ___ vessels, ___ vessels, and ___ fibers

Answer 15

blood lymph nerve

Question 16

The submucosa is made of ___ connective tissue

Answer 16

areolar connective tissue

Question 17

After the submucosa is the muscularis, then the ___

Answer 17

serosa

Question 18

The ___ is an extension of the visceral peritoneum that attaches the small intestine to the rear abdominal wall

Answer 18

the mesentary

Question 19

The enzyme that breaks down starch aka carbohydrates aka polysaccharides are called

Answer 19

amylase

Question 20

Enzyme for breaking down proteins

Answer 20

protease

Question 21

Enzyme for nucleic acids

Answer 21

nuclease

Question 22

Narrow region between cheeks and teeth

Answer 22

vestibule

Question 23

The tongue is covered with ___, which help grip food and bear taste buds

Answer 23

papillae

Question 24

muscular projection suspended from the soft palate

Answer 24

uvula

Question 25

The 3 pairs of salivary glands are

Answer 25

parotid submandibular sublingual

Question 26

tooth structure, ___ is a calcified tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth

Answer 26

dentin

Question 27

tooth structure, the ___ is the top section

Answer 27

the crown

Question 28

tooth structure, ___ is the region at the gumline where the crown and root meet

Answer 28

neck

Question 29

tooth structure, ___ is the hard, nonliving material that covers the crown. Calcium compounds make it the hardest substance in the body

Answer 29

enamel

Question 30

tooth structure, the ___ cavity is the central cavity

Answer 30

pulp

Question 31

Another word for swallowing

Answer 31

delgutition

Question 32

The innermost mucosa of the stomach contains simple ___ epithelium which has goblet cells

Answer 32

columnar

Question 33

___ ___ on the surface of the stomach mucosa penetrate deep, forming ducts

Answer 33

Gastric pits

Question 34

___ surface cells are goblet cells that secrete mucus

Answer 34

mucous cells

Question 35

___ cells secrete HCL

Answer 35

parietal

Question 36

parietal cells also secrete ___ ___

Answer 36

intrinsic factor

Question 37

___ cells secrete pepsinogen

Answer 37

chief cells

Question 38

Pepsinogen becomes pepsin. Pepsin breaks down ___

Answer 38

proteins

Question 39

___ cells secrete various hormones that diffuse into nearby blood vessels

Answer 39

Enteroendocrine cells

Question 40

One important hormone secreted by enteroendocrine cells is ___, which stimulates other glands in the stomach to increase their output

Answer 40

gastrin

Question 41

The folds of the stomach are called

Answer 41

rugae

Question 42

The stomach mixes the food with water and gastric juice to produce _____

Answer 42

chyme

Question 43

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by

Answer 43

HCL

Question 44

Movement of chyme into the small intestine is done through the

Answer 44

pyloric sphincter

Question 45

3 sections of the small intestine

Answer 45

duodenum jejunum ileum

Question 46

Ducts the emtpy into the duodenum deliver substances from the ___ and the ___

Answer 46

pancreas | liver

Question 47

the liver delivers ___ into the duodenum

Answer 47

bile

Question 48

what does bile do with fat?

Answer 48

separates it into smaller droplets

Question 49

Vitamin ___ combines with intrinsic factor and is absorbed by receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 49

vitamin B12

Question 50

___-soluble vitamins and ___s are packaged in clusters of bile salts called micelles

Answer 50

fat-soluble vitamins and lipids

Question 51

lipids are absorbed by simple diffusion and once inside the cells mix with cholesterol and protein to form

Answer 51

chylomicrons

Question 52

Chylomicrons are passed on to ___ capillaries

Answer 52

lymphatic capillaries

Question 53

in the mucosa of the small intestines, the ___ ___ are permanent ridges in the mucosa that encircle the lumen.

Answer 53

plicae circulares

Question 54

The plicae circulares creates a ___ motion to help move the food forward

Answer 54

spiral

Question 55

___ are finger like projections that cover the surface of the mucosa

Answer 55

villi

Question 56

The spaces between villi lead to deep cavities called ___ ___

Answer 56

intestinal crypts

Question 57

___ are microscopic extensions of the outer surface of the cells lining each villus

Answer 57

microvilli

Question 58

___ cells, the primary cell type of the epithelial layer, synthesize digestive enzymes called brush border enzymes that become embedded in the plasma membranes around the microvilli

Answer 58

Absorptive cells

Question 59

Various nutrients in the chyme that move over the microvilli are broken down by the ___ ___ enzymes and subsequently absorbed

Answer 59

brush border

Question 60

___ cells secrete hormones into blood vessels that penetrate each villus

Answer 60

enteroendocrine cells

Question 61

___ cells, located in the epithelial layer facing the intestinal crypts, secrete lysozymes

Answer 61

Paneth cells

Question 62

The submucosa of the small intestines has ___ glands, which secrete mucus that neutralizes the acid in the incoming chyme

Answer 62

Brunner's Glands

Question 63

The submucosa of the small intestine also has ___ ___, which are clusters of lymphatic nodules

Answer 63

peyer's patches

Question 64

The large intestine- the ___ is a dead-end pouch at the beginning

Answer 64

cecum

Question 65

Large intestine- the ___ is a finger-like attachment containing lymphoid tissue

Answer 65

appendix

Question 66

At regular distances along the colon, the smooth muscle of the muscularis layer causes the intestinal wall to gather, producing pouches called

Answer 66

haustra

Question 67

___ ___ is produced in the pancreas to make the pancreatic juice more alkaline

Answer 67

sodium bicarbonate

Question 68

pancreatic juice is produced in clusters of exocrine cells called

Answer 68

acini

Question 69

The remaining cells in the pancreas form ___ ___, which are endocrine cells that produce the hormones insulin, glucagon, etc

Answer 69

pancreatic islets

Question 70

The main pancreatic duct exits the pancreas and merges with the ___ ___ ___

Answer 70

common bile duct

Question 71

A smaller, second duct that exits the pancreas, the ___ pancreatic duct, joins the duodenum

Answer 71

accessory pancreatic duct

Question 72

The digestive function of the liver is to produce ___

Answer 72

bile

Question 73

The primary bile pigment is

Answer 73

bilirubin

Question 74

bilirubin is the end product of the breakdown of ___

Answer 74

hemoglobin

Question 75

When blood glucose is high, the liver converts glucose to

Answer 75

glyocen

Question 76

when blood glucose is low, ___ is broken down and glucose is released into the blood

Answer 76

glycogen

Question 77

In the liver, ammonia is converted to ___

Answer 77

urea

Question 78

The liver is composed of numerous functional units called

Answer 78

lobules

Question 79

within each lobule, epithelial cells called ___a are arranged in layers

Answer 79

hepatocytes

Question 80

___ ___ are spaces that lie between groups of layers, while smaller channels called bile canaliculi separate other layers

Answer 80

Hepatic sinusoids

Question 81

each corner of a lobule has 1 ___ duct and 2 ___ vessels

Answer 81

bile duct | blood vessels

Question 82

These blood vessels are branched from the ___ artery

Answer 82

hepatic artery

Question 83

Within the sinusoids, phagocytes called ___ cells kill bacteria and break down RBCs and WBCs

Answer 83

Kupffer cells

Question 84

___ cells that border the sinusoids screen incoming blood

Answer 84

hepatocytes

Question 85

Bile ducts from the lobules merge and exit the liver as a single ___ ___ ___

Answer 85

common hepatic duct

Question 86

The common hepatic duct merges with the ___ ___ from the gallbladder

Answer 86

cystic duct

Question 87

the common hepatic duct and cystic duct merge to form the ___ ___ ___

Answer 87

common bile duct

Question 88

The common bile duct then merges with the ___ duct

Answer 88

pancreatic duct

Question 89

the common bile duct merges with the pancreatic duct to form the ___ ___

Answer 89

hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 90

the ___ stores excess bile

Answer 90

gallbladder

Question 91

hormone, causes stimulation of gastric juice (especially HCL)

Answer 91

gastrin

Question 92

hormone, stimulation of bile production in liver

Answer 92

secretin

Question 93

hormone, inhibition of gastric juice secretions

Answer 93

secretin

Question 94

hormone, stimulates bile release by the gallbladder

Answer 94

CCK

Question 95

hormone, in general responsible for the stomach doing everything it does

Answer 95

gastrin

Question 96

hormone, stimulation of pancreatic juice secretion

Answer 96

CCK

Question 97

hormone, stimulates the pancreas to begin releasing insulin

Answer 97

GIP

Question 98

To sum up, the 4 important hormones are

Answer 98

Gastrin Secretin CCK GIP

Question 99

Neural response: Stimuli that arouse digestion are relayed to the ___ which in turn initiates nerve impulses in the ___ nerve

Answer 99

hypothalamus | vagus