HESI Reproductive Female

Question 1

3 ligaments hold the ovaries in place, the first is the ___ ligament, a section of peritonium that drapes over the ovaries

Answer 1

broad ligament

Question 2

another is the ___ ligament which anchors the upper region of the ovary to the pelvic wall

Answer 2

suspensory ligament

Question 3

the 3rd is the ___ ligament which anchors the lower end to the uterus

Answer 3

ovarian ligament

Question 4

2 tissues cover the outside of the ovary. first is the ___ epithelium which is the outermost layer

Answer 4

germinal epithelium

Question 5

second is the tunica ___ which is a fibrous layer

Answer 5

tunica albuginea

Question 6

The inside of the ovary, aka ___, is divided into a cortex and medulla

Answer 6

stroma

Question 7

one region in the uterine tube is the ___, a funnel shaped region.

Answer 7

Infundibulum

Question 8

the infundibulum has finger like things called

Answer 8

fimbriae

Question 9

another region of the uterine tube is the ___, the widest and longest part

Answer 9

ampulla

Question 10

the last part of the uterine tube is the ___, a narrow region that terminates in the uterus

Answer 10

isthmus

Question 11

the wall of the uterine tube has 3 layers. first is the ___ which lines the outside of the tube

Answer 11

serosa

Question 12

the middle is the ___ which has smooth muscle used to move the oocyte

Answer 12

muscularis

Question 13

Next is the inner ___ which has ciliated columnar cells, also used to move the oocyte

Answer 13

mucosa

Question 14

fertilization of the oocyte occurs in which part of the uterine tube

Answer 14

the ampulla

Question 15

The uterus has a few different regions. the first is the ___, the upper region where the uterine ducts join

Answer 15

fundus

Question 16

next is the ___, the main central portion

Answer 16

the body

Question 17

next is the ___, the lower narrow portion

Answer 17

isthmus

Question 18

at the bottom of the uterus is the ___, which is a narrow part that leads to the vagina

Answer 18

cervix

Question 19

The wall of the uterus has 3 layers. the ___ is a serous membrane that lines the outside of the uterus

Answer 19

perimetrium

Question 20

the next layer is the ___, which consists of several layers of muscle

Answer 20

myometrium

Question 21

finally the ___ lines the inside of the uterus

Answer 21

endometrium

Question 22

once fertilized an egg implants on this tissue:

Answer 22

endometrium

Question 23

The endometrium itself has 2 layers-
the stratum ___
the stratum ___

Answer 23

stratum functionalis

stratum basalis

Question 24

The function of the stratum basalis in the uterus is to generate a new ___ ___ each month

Answer 24

stratum functionalis

Question 25

during menstruation, which part of the endometrium is shed

Answer 25

stratum functionalis

Question 26

The upper region of the vagina surrounding the protruding cervix is the

Answer 26

fornix

Question 27

The vaginal wall has a few layers. first is the outer ___, which holds the vagina in place

Answer 27

outer adventitia

Question 28

next, the middle ___ consists of smooth muslce

Answer 28

middle muscularis

Question 29

Mammary glands are what kind of gland

Answer 29

sudoriferous

Question 30

milk producing cells form bulb like chambers called

Answer 30

alveoli

Question 31

___ sinuses serve as temporary storage for milk

Answer 31

lactiferous sinuses

Question 32

During pregnancy which 2 hormones stimulate development of the mammary glands

Answer 32

estrogen | progesterone

Question 33

After childbirth, hormones such as ___ start lactation

Answer 33

prolactin

Question 34

prolactin comes from the ___ ___

Answer 34

anterior pituitary

Question 35

When neurons are stimulated by the sucking of the infant, impulses activate the posterior pituitary to secrete ___

Answer 35

oxytocin

Question 36

Oxytocin in turn stimulates contraction which causes

Answer 36

milk to be forced to the nipple

Question 37

Oogenesis begins during ___ ___

Answer 37

fetal development

Question 38

Diploid cells called ___ divide by mitosis and differentiate to produce primary oocytes

Answer 38

oogonia

Question 39

primary oocytes have ___ number of chromosomes

Answer 39

46

Question 40

Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of cells. the oocyte and surrounding cells together is called an ___ ___

Answer 40

ovarian follicle

Question 41

the primary oocyte being meiosis, but division progresses only to ___phase ___ until puberty

Answer 41

prophase 1

Question 42

The following stages in development of an ovarian follicle are observed- the ___ follicle, the initial fetal state of the follicle, encircles the oocyte with a single layer of cells, called follicular cells

Answer 42

primordial follicle

Question 43

the next stage is where you have the ___ follicle. it has 2 or more layers encircling cells

Answer 43

primary follicle

Question 44

the primary follicle is still surrounded but cells, which are now called ___ cells

Answer 44

granulosa cells

Question 45

in the next stage you have the ___ follicle, which is distinguished by a fluid filled cavity

Answer 45

secondary follicle

Question 46

the fluid filled cavity in the secondary follicle is called the

Answer 46

antrum

Question 47

In a mature (aka ___) follicle the primary oocyte has completed meiosis 1.

Answer 47

graafian follicle

Question 48

The graafian follicle is the last stage before the start of the process called

Answer 48

ovulation

Question 49

In the graafian, the ___ ___ is a clear layer of glycoprotein, surrounds the oocyte

Answer 49

zona pellucida

Question 50

Also in the graafian, the ___ ___ is a ring of granulosa cells that encircles the zona pellucida

Answer 50

corona radiata

Question 51

Also in the graafian, the are several layers of cells (___ cells) that surround the granulosa cells

Answer 51

theca cells

Question 52

During menstruation, one primary oocytes, in its follicle, resumes meiosis 1 to produce 2 daughter cells. One daughter, the ___ ___ contains most of the cytoplasm

Answer 52

secondary oocyte

Question 53

the other daughter cell, the ___ ___ is much smaller and gets little cytoplasm

Answer 53

polar body

Question 54

the secondary oocyte has how many chromosomes

Answer 54

23

Question 55

If a sperm cells penetrates the corona radiata and zona pellucida and enter the secondary oocyte, ___ ___ resumes

Answer 55

meiosis 2

Question 56

the ovarian cycle consists of 3 phases. first is the ___ phase.

Answer 56

follicular phase

Question 57

the follicular phase describes the development of the follicle, the meiotic stages of division leading to the formation of the ___ ___

Answer 57

secondary oocyte

Question 58

the next phase of the ovarian cycle is ___, the ejection of the egg

Answer 58

ovulation

Question 59

the last phase of the ovarian cycle is the ___ phase, which has the secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Answer 59

luteal phase

Question 60

the secretion of estrogen and progesterone is from the ___ ___

Answer 60

corpus luteum

Question 61

The menstrual cycle also has 3 phases. first is the ___ phase, which describes the thickening of the endometrium of the uterus, replacing tissues that were lost during the previous menstrual cycle

Answer 61

proliferative phase

Question 62

the next phase is the ___ phase, which has further thickening and vascularization the endometrium in preparation for the implantation

Answer 62

secretory phase

Question 63

last phase of the menstrual cycle is the ___ phase, describes the shedding of the endometrium when implantation doesn't happen

Answer 63

menstrual phase

Question 64

GnRH comes from

Answer 64

the hypothalamus

Question 65

FSH and LH comes from

Answer 65

the anterior pituitary

Question 66

the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary start the reproductive cycle- The hypothalamus monitors levels of ___ and ___. If levels are low, the hypothalamus release GnRH.

Answer 66

estrogen and progesterone

Question 67

Then, after GnRH has been released, that stimulates the anterior pit to release ___ and ___

Answer 67

FSH and LH

Question 68

then, ___ stimulates the development of the follicle

Answer 68

FSH

Question 69

also ___ stimulates the cells of the theca interna and granulosa cells of the follicle to secrete estrogen

Answer 69

LH

Question 70

Then, positive feedback from the rising levels of estrogen stimulate the anterior pit to produce a sudden surge of ___

Answer 70

LH

Question 71

This high level of LH stimulates ___ in the primary oocyte to progress AND triggers ___

Answer 71

meiosis | ovulation

Question 72

After ovulation, the follicle, now transformed into the ___ ___ continues to develop.

Answer 72

corpus luteum

Question 73

The corpus luteum secretes ___ and ___

Answer 73

estrogen and progesterone

Question 74

The estrogen and progesterone stimulate the development of the ___, the inside lining of the uterus.

Answer 74

endometrium

Question 75

Then, negative feedback from the high levels of estro and progesto cause the anterior pituitary to drop the production of ___ and ___

Answer 75

FSH and LH

Question 76

___ also suppresses production of FSH and LH

Answer 76

inhibin

Question 77

Lastly, if implantation does not occur: in the absence of FSH and LH, the ___ ___ breaks up

Answer 77

corpus luteum

Question 78

As a result of the corpus luteum breaking up, ___ and ___ production stops

Answer 78

estro and progesto

Question 79

Without estro and progesto, the ___ is no longer supported and it dies off

Answer 79

endometrium

Question 80

HOWEVER, if implantation DOES occur: The implanted embryo secretes ___ to sustain the corpus luteum

Answer 80

hCG

Question 81

The corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesto, maintaing the ___

Answer 81

endometrium (and therefore the pregnancy

Question 82

hCG stands for

Answer 82

human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 83

What part of the uterus is under direct hormonal effect

Answer 83

endometrium

Question 84

The layer of clear, viscous fluid that is deposited around a primary oocyte is the

Answer 84

zona pellucida

Question 85

The innermost cells of the cumulus mass are called the

Answer 85

corona radiata

Question 86

During ovulation, a(n) __________ is released from the ovary

Answer 86

secondary oocyte

Question 87

The funnel-shaped end of the uterine tube (fallopian tube) is the

Answer 87

infundibulum

Question 88

he large, superior, rounded portion of the uterus is the

Answer 88

fundus

Question 89

he superior, domed portion of the vagina is called the

Answer 89

fornix

Question 90

beginning of menses - day

Answer 90

1

Question 91

ovulation - day

Answer 91

14

Question 92

beginning of proliferative phase - day

Answer 92

5

Question 93

corpus luteum formed - days

Answer 93

14 - 26

Question 94

The hormone responsible for ovulation is

Answer 94

LH

Question 95

In the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are highest during the ___ phase

Answer 95

secretory

Question 96

The cause of menses in the menstrual cycle is decreased _____ and ____ secretion by the ovary

Answer 96

progesterone and estrogen

Question 97

While the follicle is developing, a positive-feedback loop occurs in which __________ stimulates the follicle, which increases the secretion of __________, which stimulates GnRH secretion.

Answer 97

FSH, estrogen

Question 98

During sexual intercourse, oxytocin and __________ both stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus and uterine tubes.

Answer 98

prostaglandins