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histology (E1 Woods) > nervous tissue test 2 > Flashcards

nervous tissue test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the neural plate

A

composed of a simple columnar epithelium

cell shape is maintained by microtubules

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2
Q

what shape change occurs during the neural fold and why

A

columnar shape to wedge cell shape
due to actin filaments
wedge shape of cells caused flattened neural plate to bend
bends can be up or down depending on whether apex of wedge-shaped cells are pointed up or down

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3
Q

what are the derivatives of the neural tube

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
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4
Q

what does the neural crest tissue do

A

pinches off area where neural epithelium separates from skin ectoderm

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5
Q

what are neural crest cells derived from and what do they give rise to

A

derived from neuroectoderm

gives rise to neurons and neuroglial cells of PNS

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6
Q

what is the intermediate zone of pseudo stratified epithelium of neural tube

A

area of destruction of excess neurons via apoptosis

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7
Q

what is the cortical plate (mantle layer) of the neural tube

A

postmitotic neurons

future grey matter

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8
Q

what is in the marginal layer of the neural tube

A

axons

future white matter (myelinated axon)

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9
Q

what are nerve tissue characteristics

A

irritability (specialized to receive stimuli)
conductibility (specialized to transmit impulses)
cellular components: neurons, neuroglial cells

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10
Q

define neuroglial cells

A

non-conductive cells that support and protect the neurons

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11
Q

what do nissl bodies consist of

A

RER and free ribosomes

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12
Q

what are the lipofucsin granules formed form in cell bodies

A

lysosomes: accumulate with age of neuron

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13
Q

what is one major difference between dendrites and cell bodies

A

dendrites do not have golgi body

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14
Q

what are characteristics of the axon hillock

A

site of origin of axon
devoid of nissl substance
associated with AP generation

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15
Q

what do telodendrites form

A

presynaptic membranes

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16
Q

where do axons terminate

A

in branching telodendrites

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17
Q

what do telodendrites contain

A

synaptic vesicles and related proteins

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18
Q

what do interneurons do

A

transmit impulses within CNS and between sensory and motor neurons

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19
Q

define multipolar neurons

A

most common morphological type

have single axon and multiple dendrites

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20
Q

define bipolar neurons

A

have 2 processes, one at each end of the spindle-shaped neuron
found in association of special senses such as olfactory and visual

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21
Q

define pseudounipolar neurons

A

have a single process from the cell body that bifurcates into a central and peripheral process
found in ganglia alongside spinal cord

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22
Q

explain difference between golgi I and II

A

I: neurons with long axons which leave the grey matter of which they are a part
II: neurons with short axons which ramify through the great matter

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23
Q

define a nerve

A

bundle of axons (fibers) in the PNS

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24
Q

define tract

A

bundle of axons (fibers) in CNS

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25
Q

define ganglion

A

aggregation of cell bodies and dendrites in the PNS

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26
Q

define nucleus

A

aggregation of cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS

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27
Q

describe the epineurium

A

thick fibrous coat
covers entire nerve
supplied by blood and lymphatic vessels
Type I collagen and fibroblasts

28
Q

describe perineurium

A

dense connective tissue
covers bundles of axons (fascicles) within nerve
epithelial-like fibroblasts on inner surface are joined by tight junctions
blood nerve barrier

29
Q

describe endoneurium

A

thin layer of reticular connective tissue
surrounds individual fibers and schwann cells
type III collagen

30
Q

what channels are on axons

A

voltage-gated Na+ and Ca++ channels & potassium channels

31
Q

what type of channels are on dendrites and cell bodies

A

ligand-gated channels

32
Q

what membrane specializations are in the presynaptic membrane

A 
synaptic vesicles
vesicular docking proteins and synapsin filaments
dense bodies
mitochondria 
voltage-gated calcium channels
33
Q

what membrane specializations are in the postsynaptic membrane

A

receptors

ligand–gated ion channels

34
Q

what direction does anterograde transport go

A

cell body toward distal end of axon

35
Q

what does anterograde transport utilize

A

kinesin

36
Q

what are the 2 systems of slow anterograde transport

A

SCa: preassembled microtubules and neurofilaments
SCb: enzymes, actin, clathrin

37
Q

what uses intermediate rate anterograde transport

A

mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles

38
Q

where does fast anterograde transport occur

A

synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitters

39
Q

what is the direction of retrograde transport

A

axon toward cell body

40
Q

what does retrograde transport utilize

A

cytoplasmic dynein

41
Q

what does retrograde transport carry

A

endocytosed materials and recycled proteins

42
Q

define glial-cells

A

non-neuronal cells typically derived from embryonic neural crest tissue (except microglia)

43
Q

what are the types of glial cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglial cells, ependymal cells

44
Q

where are astrocytes found

A

CNS

45
Q

what is the difference between fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes

A

fibrous: found predominantly in white matter and have long processes with few branches
protoplasmic: found predominantly in gray matter and have shorter processes with many short branches

46
Q

where are oligoendrocytes found

A

CNS

47
Q

what are the functions of oligodendrocytes

A

closely associated with neuron cell bodies in gray matter and function as satellite cells
surround axons of unmyelinated fibers in gray matter
myelinate axons in CNS

48
Q

what is the function of schwann cells

A

myelinate axons in the PNS (each one myelinated a section of a single axon)

49
Q

what are microglial cells derived from

A

macrophage precursors (bone marrow)

50
Q

what are the functions of microglial cells

A

phagocytic in PNS, recruit leukocytes across the BBB, modulate initiation and progression of immune responses along with astrocytes

51
Q

what do satellite cells do

A 
derived from neural crest
form moons (crescents) around cell bodies in ganglia
function as insulators
52
Q

define intraperiod line

A

electron-dense line created by extracellular space between adjacent outer leaflet

53
Q

define major dense line

A

electron-dense line created by cytoplasmic space remnant between adjacent inner leaflets

54
Q

define synapsins

A

filaments in the presynaptic membrane

55
Q

define axosomatic

A

axon terminal synapses with the neuron cell body

56
Q

define axoaxonic

A

axon terminal synapses with another axon terminal

57
Q

define axodendritic

A

axon terminal synapses with a dendrite

58
Q

define axospinous

A

axon terminal synapses with a dendritic spine

59
Q

define excitatory

A

more positive end plate potential

60
Q

define inhibitory

A

more negative end plate potential

61
Q

list meninges in order from superficial to deep

A

epidural space
dura mater
subdural space
leptomeninx (arachnoid membrane, arachnoid villi, pia mater)

62
Q

define choroid plexus

A

highly unfolded simple cuboidal epithelium that extends into the ventricles from the roof plate

63
Q

how are the cuboidal cells of the choroid plexus linked

A

tight junctions

64
Q

define ependyma

A

layer of simple cuboidal epithelium that lines the ventricular walls

65
Q

how are the cuboidal epithelial cells of the ependyma linked

A

zonula adherens

66
Q

define tanycytes

A

in third ventricle: tightly linked to the adjacent ependymal cells and send processes through the glia limitans to form end foot processes on underlying blood vessels

histology (E1 Woods) (22 decks)

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