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histology (E1 Woods) > lect 24: immune and lympathetic system I > Flashcards

lect 24: immune and lympathetic system I Flashcards

1
Q

what are characteristics of innate immunity

A

lack immune specificity and memory
response=inflammation
neutrophils are the first responders

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of acquired immunity

A

develops in response to antigens
more powerful than innate immunity
takes longer to develop
displays specificity and memory

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3
Q

what is passive immunity

A

temporary immunity due to donated antibodies

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4
Q

what is active immunity

A

long-lasting/permanent immunity due to self-exposure to antigen resulting in memory T cells and B cells specific for antigen

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of acquired/adaptive immunity

A

humoral: antibody mediated; plasma cells

cell-mediated: T cells, B cells & antigen presenting cells

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6
Q

define primary lymphoid organs

A

precursor cells mature into immunocompetent cells. Each is programmed to recognize a specific antigen (Thymus and bone marrow)

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7
Q

define secondary lymphoid organs

A

trapped antigens stimulate clonal expansions of mature T and B cells (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils)

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8
Q

where do lymphocytes originate

A

primary lymphoid organs

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9
Q

where do lymphocytes take up residence

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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10
Q

what are attributes of lymph follicles (nodules)

A

not enclosed within a capsule
occur singly or in aggregates
are sites of B cell localization and proliferation
transient

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11
Q

what are attributes of primary follicles

A

spherical, tightly packed accumulations of virgin B cells and dendritic reticular cells that have not been exposed to antigens

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12
Q

what are attributes of secondary follicles

A

derived from primary follicles that have been exposed to non-self antigens.
Not present at birth

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13
Q

what are attributes of the corona (cortex) of secondary lymph follicles

A

darker peripheral region

composed of densely packed B lymphocytes

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14
Q

central, lighter stained region
composed of B lymphocytes, memory B cells, plasma cells, dendritic reticular cells which function as antigen-presenting cells

A

Germinal center of secondary lymph follicle

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15
Q

T/F: lymph capillaries are present in lymphoid follicles

A

FALSE: they are not present

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16
Q

where is subcutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue found

A

papillary layer of the dermis

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17
Q

what does the lamina propria-associated lymphoid tissue include

A

MALT, BALT, GALT

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18
Q

what does aggregated lymphoid tissue include

A

various tonsils and Peyer’s patches in the ilium

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19
Q

where do all immune system cells originate

A

bone marrow

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20
Q

where do immature T cells travel to?

A

thymus

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21
Q

where do B cells travel to

A

specific regions in lymphoid tissues

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22
Q

what cell surface receptors are needed for the maturation of B cells

A

IgM and IgD
MHC class II proteins
Complement receptors
Ig Fc receptors

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23
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

IgA, IgD, IgG, IgM, IgE

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24
Q

what does the highly variable region of antibodies recognize

A

antigen and Fab fragment

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25
Q

what are components of the less variable regions of the antibody structure

A

Fc fragment and binds antibody to cells

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26
Q

where is IgA found

A

saliva, GU and respiratory tracts

27
Q

where is IgD found

A

found on surface of B cells traveling to lymphoid organs

28
Q

what is IgG

A

major Ig in blood

responsible for most antibody activity

29
Q

what is IgE

A

associated with allergic responses

30
Q

what is IgM

A

first antibody class expressed by developing B cells

31
Q

what is the main function of MHC gene products

A

presentation of antigenic peptides to T cells

32
Q

where is MHC 1 expressed

A

surface of all cells except trophoblast and RBC

33
Q

where is MHC 2 expressed

A

surface of B cells and antigen-presenting cells

34
Q

what do CD8+ T cells do

A

recognize peptide fragments of foreign peptides bound to MHC class I on the surface of cells (antigen present cell)
cytolytic T cells
undergo mitosis
mediators of cell immunity

35
Q

what is required for the binding of MHC 1 protein fragments

A

both CD8 and T cell antigen receptor

36
Q

what does CD4+ do

A

recognizes peptide fragments of foreign proteins bound to MHC class II proteins on surface of APCs
Helper T cells
assist CD8+ cell differentiation
assist B cell differentiation

37
Q

what releases Fas ligand

A

CD8+ T cells

38
Q

what is another name for CD16+ T cells

A

natural killer cells

39
Q

what does interleukin-2 do

A

stimulates proliferation of NK cells

40
Q

what does interferon gamma do

A

activates NK cells

41
Q

what does Tumor necrosis factor do (TNF-beta)

A

kills tumor cells directly

42
Q

what region of the class I MHC does CD8 bind to

A

alpha 3 region

43
Q

what does coreceptor CD4 bind to

A

beta 2 region of class II MHC

44
Q

what happens to activated T cells that undergo mitosis

A

either become memory cells or secrete interleukins

45
Q

what do B cells that undergo mitosis become

A

either plasma cells (which secrete appropriate antibodies) or memory cells

46
Q

what do cytokines do

A

activate macrophages to become more effective in killing target cells

47
Q

what is the classic pathway of the complement system activated by

A

antibody binding to a pathogen

48
Q

what is the alternate pathway of complement system activated by

A

directly activated by the pathogen

49
Q

what does the complement system facilitate

A

inflammatory responses

50
Q

what initiates the complement cascade

A

C1q binds to Fc region of Ig–> activates C1r–> activates C1s–> initiates complement cascade

51
Q

what is the most important opsonin

A

C3b

52
Q

what forms the pores in the membrane of the pathogen in the complement system

A

C6, C7, and C8

53
Q

what activates the MAC

A

complement cascade

54
Q

define opsonins

A

coatings that make the antigens more palatable to phagocytes

55
Q

consists of cells that typically pack areas of the lymphoid organ (mostly lymphocytes)

A

parenchyma

56
Q

consists mostly of reticular fibers and cells, including undifferentiated cells and fixed and free macrophages

A

stroma

57
Q

define Hilus

A

entry and exit point for vessels

58
Q

what enters through the hilus

A

efferent lymphatic vessels as well as arteries and veins

59
Q

where do afferent lymphatic vessels enter in lymph nodes

A

convex side of the node

60
Q

what fibers are in the capsule

A

dense collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, and smooth muscle fibers

61
Q

what are attributes of the deep (inner) cortex)

A

contains T helper cells, macrophages

HEVs

62
Q

define High endothelial venues (HEVs)

A

port of entry for circulating differentiated lymphocytes to seed lymph node

63
Q

irregular arrangement of loos medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords
site of lymphocyte reentry into lymph stream
thymic-dependent areas in subcortical and deeper medullary regions

A

medulla

histology (E1 Woods) (22 decks)

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