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histology (E1 Woods) > lect 30 & 31: renal histology > Flashcards

lect 30 & 31: renal histology Flashcards

1
Q

what type of epithelium is in the thick segments of the loop of henle

A

simple low cuboidal epithelium

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2
Q

what type of epithelium is in the thin segments of the loop of henle

A

simple squamous epithelium

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3
Q

describe the cells of the thick ascending limb

A

have no brush border and more basal vertical striations

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4
Q

what is the main function of the loop of henle

A

establish the counter-current exchange system which creates the osmotic conditions necessary to pull water out of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the presence of ADH

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5
Q

What does the ascending thin limb actively pump out and why

A

chloride ion allowing sodium ions to follow

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6
Q

what is the distal convoluted tubule lined with (epithelium)

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with smaller cells than those of prox conv tubule

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7
Q

when is the distal convoluted tubule permeable to water

A

when ADH is present

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8
Q

what is the function of ADH

A

reduces water loss

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9
Q

what type of epithelium is in the walls of the collecting duct

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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10
Q

what are the 2 major specialized cell types associated with the collecting duct

A

principal cells and intercalated cells

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11
Q

what are the layers of the renal pelvis, ureter and urinary bladder

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
adventitia

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12
Q

what are characteristics of the mucosa of the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder

A

transition epithelium
basement membrane
lamina propriar of FECT
some loose lymphoid tissue and a few smooth muscle cells

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13
Q

what forms the detrusor muscle

A

layers of smooth muscle in urinary bladder

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14
Q

what are characteristics of the prostatic urethra

A

secretion of urethra passing through prostate gland
mucosa lined with transitional epithelium
highly vascularized with veins with abundant elastic tissue

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15
Q

what are characteristics of membranous urethra

A

tall pseudostratified columnar cells but variable

extends through urogenital diaphragm and receives striated muscle cells forming the external sphincter of the bladder

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16
Q

what epithelium is in the cavernous urethra (male)

A

lined with pseudo stratified epithelium with patches of stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

what are lucanae of morgagni

A

glands in the male urethra that are invaginations of mucous membrane containing single or groups of intraepithelial mucous cells

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18
Q

what are glands of littre

A

branched tubular glands opening into the lacunae of morgagni

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19
Q

what epithelium lines the mucosa of the female urethra

A

primarily with stratified or pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with intraepithelial nests of mucous glands

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20
Q

where is angiotensin I primarily produced

A

in lungs

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21
Q

where does ACE come from

A

pulmonary and renal endothelium

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22
Q

what does the urinary system consist of

A

two kidneys and ureters

the urinary bladder and urethra

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23
Q

what is the medullary area divided into

A

outer medullary area deep to the juxtamedullary cortex

inner medullary area deep to the outer medullary area

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24
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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25
Q

what is each nephron composed of

A

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

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26
Q

what is the renal corpuscle composed of

A

cup-shaped capsule (bowman’s capsule)

glomerulus

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27
Q

define glomerulus

A

capillary knot situated between 2 arterioles that lies within the indentation of the Bowman’s capsule

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28
Q

what is the renal tubule a continuation of

A

bowman’s capsule

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29
Q

where do nephrons empty into

A

collecting ducts

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30
Q

where do collecting ducts empty into

A

renal pelvis

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31
Q

where are the renal corpuscles of the cortical nephrons located

A

cortex

32
Q

where do the glomeruli of the cortical nephrons empty into

A

capillary networks that surround the proximal and instal convoluted tubules of their nephrons and those of surrounding nephrons

33
Q

what are the loops of henle like in cortical nephrons

A

short and do not extend deeply into the medulla

34
Q

where are the renal corpuscles of the juxtamedullary nephrons located

A

in the cortex next to cortical-medullary junction

35
Q

where do the glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons empty into

A

vasa recta consisting of long, straight arterioles and venues that run parallel to the loops of Henle and collecting ducts

36
Q

what are the loops of Henle like in juxtamedullary nephrons

A

long and extend deeply into medulla

37
Q

where is the glomerulus inserted

A

between afferent and efferent arterioles

38
Q

where is a typical capillary bed inserted

A

between arteriole and venule

39
Q

where does the efferent arteriole feed into

A 
Either capillary loop (vasa recta) or 
capillary network (peritubular capillaries)
40
Q

what do juxtaglomerular cells secrete

A

renin

41
Q

what is renin

A

hypertensive factor

42
Q

what type of muscle cells are at vascular pole of juxtaglomerular cell

A

circular smooth muscle cells

43
Q

what is the outer layer of the bowman’s capsule and what type of epithelium is it

A

parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium

* squamous epithelium is continuous with the simple cuboidal epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule

44
Q

what is the inner layer of bowman’s capsule and what is it

A

visceral layer: inner layer of podocytes in contact with the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries

45
Q

where is the bowman’s space and what is it continuous with

A

located between the parietal and visceral layers and is continuous with the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule

46
Q

what is the renal corpuscle involved in producing

A

a filtrate of blood

47
Q

what are the three processes involved in the formation of urine and where do they occur

A

filtration (renal corpuscle)
reabsorption (renal tubule)
secretion (renal tubule)

48
Q

what is the mesangium formed by

A

mesangial cells embedded in a mesangial matrix

49
Q

where are intraglomerular mesangial cells located

A

located between nearby capillaries in the glomerulus and cover endothelium not covered by podocytes

50
Q

where are extraglomerular mesangial cells located

A

between the afferent and efferent arterioles at the vascular pole and are associated with the juxtaglomerular apparatus

51
Q

what are the functions of mesangial cells

A

contract, phagocytic, proliferative, synthesize, secrete, respond, provide mechanical support and regulate blood flow

52
Q

how are mesangial cells contractile

A

utlize cytoskeletal contractile proteins to modify blood flow through glomerular capillaries

53
Q

how are mesangium cells phagocytic

A

take up worn out glomerular basal lamina for recycling and also phagocytose immunoglobulins trapped in the basal lamina

54
Q

what do mesangium cells synthesize

A

matrix and collagen

55
Q

what do mesangium cells secrete

A

prostaglandins and endothelins

56
Q

what do mesangium cells respond to

A

angiotensin II

57
Q

what does endothelia do

A

causes vasoconstriction of the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles.

58
Q

what do cytoskeletal contractile proteins do

A

modify the blood flow through glomerular capillaries by contracting mesangial cells

59
Q

what do cytokines induce

A

inflammatory reactions leading to occlusion of the capillary lumen

60
Q

what are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatu

A

macula densa
extraglomerular mesangial cells
juxtaglomerular cells

61
Q

what does the macula densa respond to

A

responds to changes in sodium and chloride concentration in urine and hypotensin

62
Q

what is the macular densa involved in regulating

A

involved in regulation of fluid-electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation

63
Q

define juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells associated with macula dense and afferent arteriole

64
Q

what are juxtaglomerular cells innervated by

A

sympathetic nerve endings which increase renin release

65
Q

what are the parts of the renal tubule

A 
proximal convoluted tubule
descending limb of henle
loop of henle
ascending limb of henle
distal convoluted tubule
66
Q

what is the distal convoluted tubule continuous with

A

collecting duct

67
Q

what are the components of the renal filtration barrier

A

fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
fused basal laminae of endothelial cells and podocytes
filtration slits

68
Q

what does the basal lamina contain

A

type 4 collagen, fibronectin, laminin, heparin sulfate

69
Q

what are filtration slits created by

A

adjacent pedicels of podocytes

70
Q

how are the pedicels of the filtration slits attached to the basal lamina

A

via alpha 3 beta 1 integrins

71
Q

what can and cannot get through the renal filtration barrier

A

can: water, glucose, and most ions
cannot: proteins and negatively charged molecules

72
Q

where does the proximal convoluted tubule extend

A

extends from urinary pole of the renal corpuscle to the beginning of the loop of henle

73
Q

what type of epithelium is in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal epithelium made up of truncated pyramidal cells

74
Q

what does the proximal convoluted tubule remove

A

glucose and amino acids

75
Q

what does the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb

A

most of filtrate (including water), most sodium and chloride ions

histology (E1 Woods) (22 decks)

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