Chapter 10 - A Democratic Revolution, 1800-1844

Question 1

franchise

Answer 1

the right to vote

Question 2

notables

Answer 2

northern landlords, slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants who dominated politics in early America

Question 3

“political machines”

Answer 3

term referring to political parties, given that they efficiently wove together the interests of diverse groups

Question 4

Martin Van Buren

Answer 4

chief architect of emerging party government system and eighth president

Question 5

spoils system

Answer 5

the process of leaders distributing offices to supporters, friends, and relatives after winning an election

Question 6

caucus

Answer 6

a meeting of party leaders

Question 7

American System

Answer 7

integrated mercantilist program of national economic development

Question 8

internal improvements

Answer 8

public works (roads and canals)

Question 9

Twelfth Amendment

Answer 9

established that the House would choose the president among the three highest vote-getters in the case of no absolute majority (important in election of 1824)

Question 10

corrupt bargain

Answer 10

a government deal made for personal gains; committed by John Quincy Adams when he appointed Henry Clay to Secretary of State after he helped Adams win the election in 1824

Question 11

consolidated government

Answer 11

a powerful and potentially oppressive national administration

Question 12

Tariff of Abominations

Answer 12

1828 tariff that significantly raised duties on raw materials, textiles, and iron goods, leading to southern resentment

Question 13

Andrew Jackson

Answer 13

lost the 1824 election, War of 1812 hero, rallied massive support (Democratic Party) to be elected the seventh president, first “commoner” to hold office

Question 14

nullification

Answer 14

the argument that a state has the right to void laws passed by Congress within its own borders

Question 15

John C. Calhoun

Answer 15

contender in the election of 1828, vice president under Jackson, promoted the localist interpretation to the federal union

Question 16

states’ rights

Answer 16

an interpretation of the Constitution declaring that states could interpret and decide whether or not to follow federal laws

Question 17

Second Bank of the United States

Answer 17

privately managed and operated bank under a twenty-year charter from the federal government, which owned 20% of its stock

Question 18

Daniel Webster

Answer 18

Senator of Massachusetts; presented nationalist interpretation of the Constitution

Question 19

Nicholas Biddle

Answer 19

arrogant president of the Second Bank

Question 20

Roger B. Taney

Answer 20

head of Treasury Department under Jackson who transferred federal government’s gold and silver from the Second Bank to various state banks; later appointed Chief Justice

Question 21

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Answer 21

authorized president to negotiate with Indian tribes in the south for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands

Question 22

Black Hawk

Answer 22

Sauk leader who refused to leave his land; 85% of his warriors were killed in the Bad Axe Massacre

Question 23

Trail of Tears

Answer 23

1,200 mile resettlement journey of Cherokees to the Indian Territory

Question 24

classical liberalism (laissez-faire)

Answer 24

principle of limiting government’s role in the economy

Question 25

Whigs

Answer 25

the second national party; arose out of anger over Andrew Jackson’s policies and conduct

Question 26

Anti-Masons

Answer 26

short-lived party formed to oppose the Order of Freemasonry (eventually gravitated toward the Whig Party)

Question 27

Panic of 1837

Answer 27

1837-1843; second major economic crisis in the United States

Question 28

Working Men’s Parties

Answer 28

coalitions of artisans and laborers

Question 29

Specie Circular

Answer 29

executive order that required the Treasury Department to accept only gold and silver in payment for lands in the national domain

Question 30

William Henry Harrison

Answer 30

military hero of the War of 1812; ninth president and first to die in office

Question 31

John Tyler

Answer 31

Harrison’s vice president who became the tenth president after his death

Question 32

ethnocultural politics

Answer 32

the practice of voting along ethnic and religious lines