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Animal Physiology > Ch. 14 Non-Mammalian Kidneys/Other Osmoregulatory Organs > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Non-Mammalian Kidneys/Other Osmoregulatory Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

marine hagfish kidneys

A

nephrons have glomeruli but no tubules

Bowman’s capsules empty directly into collecting ducts

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2
Q

kidneys of freshwater teleosts whose bodies are hyperosmotic

A

produce large volumes of dilute urine

larger and more glomeruli

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3
Q

kidneys of marine teleosts whose bodies are hypoosmotic

A

have no glomeruli or bowman’s capsules

produce small volumes urine by secretion

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4
Q

elasmobranch Raja erinacea kidney

A

has countercurrent system but kidney is different

retains urea and does not make concentrated urine

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5
Q

what 3 animals have glands that secrete salt

A

elasmobranches

marine bids

some reptiles

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6
Q

are marine elasmobranches hypo or hypertonic to seawater, and what is their sodium content in comparison?

A

slightly hypotonic

sodium is much lower than seawater – continual influx of NaCl

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7
Q

elasmobranch rectal gland purpose

A

makes and excretes a concentrated salt solutions to regulate extracellular fluid volume

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8
Q

elasmobranch rectal gland structure

A

lots of blind-ended tubules surrounded by blood capillaries

tubules drain into a duct –> intestine near the rectum

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9
Q

the fluid made by the elasmobranch rectal gland has a slightly higher ______ content than seawater but is ___osmotic to blood plasma

A

salt,-iso-osmotic

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10
Q

the elasmobranch blood is slightly ____osmotic to seawater and contains

A

hyperosmotic

lots of urea and TMAO

hyposmotic amount of salt

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11
Q

do urea and TMAO appear in elasmobranch rectal gland excretions?

A

no, just NaCl

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12
Q

how does the elasmobranch rectal gland work

A

Apical - Cl- channel into seawater

Basolat - very folded with lots of Na/K pumps and Na/2Cl/K cotransport

Cl moving into seawater causes transmembrane potential that moves Na out paracellularly against gradient

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13
Q

where is the salt gland located in birds/reptiles

A

depressions in the skull above the eyes

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14
Q

structure of marine bird salt glands

A

many lobes with secretory tubules and a central canal

duct runs through the beak and into the nostrils

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15
Q

marine bird salt gland secretory epithelial

A

like typical salt secreting epithelium

lots of Na/K pump in basolat and Na/2Cl/K cotransport

Cl- channels in apical

Cl- moving out causes Na to move out paracellularly against Na gradient

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16
Q

is the salt solution in the bird salt glands hyper or hypo osmotic to blood

A

hyperosmotic

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17
Q

the birds that make the most concentrated salt solution have…

A

largest secretory cell and a long paracellular channel between cells

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18
Q

is there a countercurrent system in bird salt glands

A

yes

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19
Q

will ouabain inhibit bird salt glands

A

yes, lots of mitochondria there to make ATP to drive Na/K pumps

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20
Q

what stimulates bird salt gland production

A

raise in extracellular fluid volume and salt content

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21
Q

why can’t mammals drink seawater even though we have salt-secreting cells in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

arrangement of cells doesn’t allow producing a hypertonic salt soln that can be excreted

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22
Q

in teleost fishes, what major function do gills perform

A

managing osmotic stress

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23
Q

structure of teleost gills

A

large epithelium for gas exchange/salt transport

chloride cells invaginated in folded basolat w/ lots of mito

mucous cells form boundary btw epithelium and seawater

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24
Q

teleost chloride cell salt transport method (and Ca)

A

high level of Na/K pump and Na/2Cl/K cotransporter in basolat

Cl channels in apical memb

Cl out causes Na out paracellularly

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25
in marine teleosts does the transport of salt occur against an osmotic gradient?
yes, so no water follows
26
uptake of salt in freshwater fish gills
Apical - H+ pump puts H+ into seawater, Na channels bring Na in Basolat - Na/K pump puts Na in blood and K cycles through channels
27
chloride cells in gill epithelium of freshwater fish
uptake Ca from water anion transporter in apical lots of H+ pumps
28
migrating fish from fresh to seawater adaptations
proton pump that brings in NaCl down-regulated rise in body/plasma Na causes more cortisol and growth hormone levels hormones make chloride cells and insert into basolat --> more active Na/K pump and NaCl secretion
29
migrating fish from sea to freshwater
paracellular gaps btw chloride and accessory cells close causing less loss of NaCl prolactin increases --> lower chloride cells and apical pits to disappear Na/K pump activity falls upregulate proton pump
30
what invertebrates make concentrated urine
insects spiders
31
urine in mollusks and crustaceans
like humans, high [ ] = excretion (inulin, glucose) and others reabsorbed depends on bp
32
phlorizin drug that blocks glucose transport in mollusks and crustaceans
glucose still appears in urine glc must enter urine as a part of filtrate
33
in crayfish what is the major organ of osmoregulation
antennal gland with a coelomosac (like glomerulus)
34
downside of a filtration-reabsorption system like kidney
high energy cost needs high intake of salts
35
do insects have a large surface to volume ratio?
yes places a lot of osmotic demand
36
can the locust regulate the ionic strength of its hemolymph?
yes during dehydration the hemolymph decreases by 90% but ionic concentration is maintained
37
the osmoregulatory system of locusts and insects consists of the ___________ tubules and _______
Malpighian tubules, hindgut (ileum colon and rectum)
38
the closed ends of the long thin Malpighian tubules lie in the _________
hemocel -- hemolymph containing body cavity
39
the Malpighian tubules empty where
alimentary canal at the junction of the midgut and hindgut
40
pathway of secretion through the Malpighian tubules
tubules --> hindgut where it is dehydrated --> rectum --> concentrated urine through anus
41
the presence of a ________ system for respiration in insects diminishes the importance of an efficient circulatory system
tracheal
42
do the Malpighian tubules get a direct arterial blood supply?
no, they are surrounded by hemolymph at equal pressure b/c no pressure, no filtration system
43
urine formation by Malpighian tubules
KCl and NaCl from hemocoel into lumen with waste like uric acid most NaCl and KCl returned to hemolymph across rectal wall ionic editing occurs in hindgut
44
what ion drives the formation of urine in the Malpighian tubules
K+, other substances follow passively
45
hindgut of locus Schistocerca
Apical - Cl pump into cell, K channel into cel, Na uptake + aa uptake OR ammonium excretion, H+ pump into urine Basolat - K and Cl channels into blood, Na/K pump, Cl/bicarb antiport moves Cl into cell and bicarb into hemolymph
46
mealworm beetle Tenebrio countercurrent system
Malpighian tubules touch hemocel perirectal space in middle rectal lumen and anus below perirectal space
47
mealworm beetle Tenebrio mechanism
water drawn osmotically from rectum into Malpighian tubules by KCl gradient from active transport highest osmolarity by anus urine:blood osmolarity of 10:1
48
feedback mechanism in blood sucking Rhodnius
after sucking blood, 2-3min go by and Malpighian tubules increase secretion by 1000x artificial bloating doesn't cause this diuretic hormone in response to ingested blood -- serotonin?
49
when aa are catabolized the aa group NH2 is released (_________) or transferred to another molecules for reuse...aa not salvaged for resynthesis must be...
deamination dissolved in water and excreted to avoid a toxic rise in nitrogenous waste
50
most excess nitrogen is excreted as what 3 things
ammonia urea uric acid
51
is ammonia more toxic than urea or uric acid
yes
52
how does excretion of ammonia occur
diffusion requires large volume of water
53
urea excretion
requires less water than ammonia but needs ATP to synthesize
54
uric acid is excreted as what
not soluble so white pasty precipitate of bird poop
55
what determines the nature of nitrogen excretion
availability of water aquatic excrete across gills terrestrial animals excrete urea or uric acid via kidneys
56
ammonotelic
excrete nitrogenous waste as ammonia teleosts and aquatic invertebrates
57
which form of ammonia are cell membranes permeable
NH3 not NH4+
58
how do teleosts excrete ammonia
H+ and CO2 excretion cause acidification of water next to gill surface this traps NH3 as NH4 as NH3 passively diffuses out of gills
59
how is a small amount of ammonia excreted in mammalian kidneys
glutamine released from liver --> blood --> kidney is deaminated by kidney tubule cells and ammonia goes into the lumen it takes up a proton --> NH4 which cannot diffuse out
60
high ammonia levels in aquatic environments are toxic, especially at high __
pH impairs excretion so glutamine may be stored instead fishes also downregulate ammonia synthesis
61
toxicity of ammonia
changes tertiary structure of proteins disrupts ion transport b/c substitutes as K+
62
squids shrimp and tunicates do what to ammonium ions
collect it in acidified chambers and substitute it for Ca and Mg
63
urea-excreting (ureotelic) animals
excrete nitrogenous waste as water-soluble urea vertebrates use ornithate-urea cycle teleosts/invert use uricolytic pathway
64
ornithate-urea cycle of vertebrates
2 NH2 and 1 CO2 added to ornithine to make arg arginase removes urea to regenerate ornithine
65
how do elasmobranches use ornithate-urea cycle
use the urea as an osmolyte to inc body osmolarity excrete urea across gills
66
uricolytic pathway
urea made from uric acid from transamination of asp or na metabolism
67
gout
buildup of insoluble uric acid crystals
68
uric acic-excreting animals (uricotelic)
birds, reptiles, arthropods removes 4 N atoms per/uric acid
69
how is uric acid excreted
proximal tubule of nephron via organic anion secretory mechanism in birds competes for transport in kidney with PAH

Animal Physiology (26 decks)

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