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AP Psychology > Aaron Jennings Chapter 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Aaron Jennings Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

Perception

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2
Q

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

A

Bottom - up processing

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3
Q

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

A

Top – down processing

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4
Q

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

Selective attention

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5
Q

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

Inattentional blindness

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6
Q

Failing to notice changes in the environment

A

Change blindness

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7
Q

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

A

Psychophysics

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8
Q

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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9
Q

Hey Siri predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that the Texan depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

A

Signal detection theory

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10
Q

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

Subliminal

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11
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

A

Priming

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12
Q

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the different thresholds as just noticeable difference

A

Difference threshold

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13
Q

The principal that to be perceived as different two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage

A

Webbers law

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14
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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15
Q

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

Sensation

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16
Q

Conversion of one form of energy into another. And sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sites sounds and smells into neural impulses are grains can interpret

A

Transduction

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17
Q

The distance from the peak of one light or soundwave to the peak of the next

A

Wavelength

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18
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

A

Hue

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19
Q

Amount of energy in a light or soundwave which we perceive as brightness or loudness

A

Intensity

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20
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eyes through which light enters

A

Pupil

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21
Q

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

Iris

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22
Q

The transparent structure behind the people that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

Lens

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23
Q

The light-sensitive inner surface of the earth, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

Retina

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24
Q

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

A

Accommodation

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25
Q

Retinal receptors that detect black white and gray necessary for peripheral and twilight Vison When cones do not respond

A

Rods

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26
Q

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions.

A

Cones

27
Q

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

28
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

A

Blind spot

29
Q

The central focal point in the retina around which the eyes cones cluster

A

Fovea

30
Q

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific figures of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

A

Feature detectors

31
Q

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

A

Parallel processing

32
Q

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors one most sensitive to read, one to green, once a blue which when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

A

Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory

33
Q

Theory that opposing retinal processes inable color vision.

A

Opponent process theory

34
Q

The sense or act of hearing

A

Audition

35
Q

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

Frequency

36
Q

A tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

A

Pitch

37
Q

The chamber between the eardrum in the cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

A

Middle ear

38
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through with soundwaves trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

39
Q

The innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea semicircular Canal’s and vestibular sacs

A

Inner ear

40
Q

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we here with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

Place theory

41
Q

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

A

Frequency theory

42
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts soundwaves to the cochlea

A

Conduction hearing loss

43
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

44
Q

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

A

Cochlear implant

45
Q

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesis

46
Q

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A

Vestibular sense

47
Q

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on the brain. The gate is open by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is close by the activity in large fibers or my information coming from the brain

A

Gate – control theory

48
Q

The principle that one sends me influence another, as when the smell of food influences it’s taste

A

Sensory interaction

49
Q

And organize the whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

A

Gestalt

50
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

A

Figure – ground

51
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

Grouping

52
Q

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although images that strike the retina are two dimensional

A

Depth perception

53
Q

A laboratory device for testing depth perception and infants and young animals

A

Visual cliff

54
Q

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

A

Binocular cues

55
Q

Hey my macular queue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retina in the two eyes the brain computes distance the greater the disparity between two images the closer the object

A

Retinal disparity

56
Q

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either Eye alone

A

Monocular cues

57
Q

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off and quick succession

A

Phi phenomenon

58
Q

Perceiving objects as unchanging are consistent shapes, sizes, lightness, and color even as illumination and retinal images change

A

Perceptual constancy

59
Q

Receiving familiar objects is having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

Color constancy

60
Q

InVision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

Perceptual adaptation

61
Q

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

A

Perceptual set

62
Q

The controversial complain that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

A

Extrasensory perception

63
Q

The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

A

Parapsychology

AP Psychology (18 decks)

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