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A. White- Human Anatomy > Lungs, Pleura & Thoracic Wall > Flashcards

Lungs, Pleura & Thoracic Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway of pulmonary circulation in the lungs?

A

Pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lobar arteries -> segmental arteries.

Superior/inferior pulmonary vein -> middle lobe vein -> segmental veins.

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2
Q

What muscle elevates the rips during forced inspiration?

A

External intercostal

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3
Q

What muscle both acts to elevate the ribs and is involved in proprioception?

A

Serratus posterior superior

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4
Q

What two muscles are both involved in depressing the ribs and proprioception?

A

Internal intercostal and transversus throacis.

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5
Q

What four muscles elevate the ribs?

A

Serratus posterior superior

Levator costarum

External intercostal

Innermost intercostal

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6
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves supply the thoracic wall?

A

12.

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7
Q

What do the posterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves supply?

A

Joints

Deep back muscles

Skin of the back

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8
Q

What are the branches of the intercostals?

A

Rami communicantes

Collateral branches

Lateral collateral branches

Anterior collateral branches

Muscular branches

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9
Q

What is major vasculature found in the lungs/pleural area?

A

Thoracic aorta, subclavian artery, axillary artery, intercostal arteries.

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10
Q

The posterior intercostal arteries arise from what artery?

A

Superior intercostal artery

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11
Q

The anterior intercostals arise from what artery?

A

Internal thoracic aretery

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12
Q

The internal thoracic artery arises from what artery?

A

Subclavian artery

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13
Q

The subcostal artery arises from what artery?

A

Thoracic aorta

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14
Q

During inhalation, several muscles ____ to ___ the dimensions of the thoracic cavity.

A

During inhalation, several muscles CONTRACT to INCREASE the dimensions of the thoracic cavity.

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15
Q

During exhalation, some respiratory muscles contract and ____, collectively _____ the dimensions of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out of the lungs.

A

During exhalation, some respiratory muscles contract and RELAX, collectively DECREASING the dimensions of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out of the lungs.

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16
Q

You are in a meadow and want to smell some of the beautiful flowers. You deeply and forcefully inhale. What muscle contracts and allows for forced inspiration? How does it affect the ribs.

A

External intercostal.

It elevates the ribs.

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17
Q

You are scuba diving and are holding your breath underwater. Once you reach the surface, you forcefully inhale. What are the actions of the internal and innermost intercostal muscles during forced inspiration?

A

During forced inspiration, the interossous part depresses the ribs and the interchondral part elevates the ribs.

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18
Q

Where do ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae?

A

At the demifacets for ribs.

They also articulate at transverse processes of vertebrae of the same number as the rib.

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19
Q

How does thoracic musculate function to assit breathing?

A

Some respiratory muscles contract and others relax, which changes the dimensions of the thoracic cavity and forces air out of the lungs or into the lungs.

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20
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve (C3 - C5)

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21
Q

What arteries supply the diaphragm?

A

Posterior intercostals, anterior intercostals, internal thoracic and subcostal arteries.

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22
Q

What are pleura?

A

The outer coverings of the lung. They include a visceral and pleural layer.

From posterior to anterior: lung, visceral pleura, parietal pleura.

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23
Q

What are the types of pleura found on the right lung?

A

Mediastinal (most median)

Cervical (most superior)

Costal (most lateral)

Diaphragmatic (most inferior)

24
Q

What nerves innervate the lungs?

A

The phrenic and vaug nerves.

25
Q

What artery and vein innervate the lung?

A

Pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries.

26
Q

How many branches of the thoracic aorta are there?

A

There are also bronchial arteries and coronary arteries.

27
Q

You encounter a patient who has severe difficulty breathing, especially inhaling. An X-ray shows that the right lung has recoiled, leaving air-filled space within the pleural cavity. What does the patient most likely have?

A

Pulmonary collapse

It occurs when surface tension breaks between the visceral and parietal pleura.

28
Q

Hemothorax (blood), hydrothorax (serous fluid), or chlyothorax (lymph) are some conditions that can cause what disorder of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary collapse

29
Q

You encounter a patient who has difficulty breathing and experiences a sharp, stabbing pain whenever they try to do so. Ausculation reveals sharp, scraping sounds whenever the patients breathes. What is the patient most likely suffering from?

A

Pleuritis.

It is caused by inflammation of the pleura.

30
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

Obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a bloot clot, fat lobule or air bubble. It travels to the pulmonary artery and obstructs blood flow.

Deep vein thrombosis is a main cause.

31
Q

You encounter a patient who has a history of heaving smoking. An MRI scan reveals malignant tumors in the patient’s lungs. The patient most likely has … ?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma.

It is highly metastatic due to lymphatics in bronchial tissue.

32
Q

You encounter a patient who was a former construction worker And who had regular exposure to asbestos. They have been experiencing diffculty with breathing. An MRI scan reveals cancerous tissue in the pleural lining of the lung. The patient most likely suffers from what?

A

Malignanat mesothelioma

33
Q

You encounter a patient who has difficulty breathing and frequently coughs. You also learn that they are against vaccinations and do not have any. What may the patient be suffering from?

A

Tuberculosis.

It is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can spread to other organs.

34
Q

Which ribs are considered “atypical”? What does it mean when a rib is considered to be “atypical”?

A

1, 2, 11 & 12.

Atypical means that the rib does not articulate in a normal fashion, or that it has a strange shape.

35
Q

What ribs are considered to be true ribs?

A

1-7

36
Q

What ribs are considered to be fase ribs?

A

Ribs 8 - 10.

They are cartilaginos ribs with connections to other ribs via rib 7.

37
Q

Which ribs are considered to be “floating” ribs? Why are they named “floating” ribs?

A

11 & 12.

They are called floating ribs because they do not articulate with anything anteriorly.

38
Q

What part of the sternum do the clavicle and first rib articulate with?

A

Manubrium

39
Q

Where do cartilage from ribs 8 - 10 articulate?

A

At the 7th costal notch.

This is near the border of the body and xiphoid process of the sternum.

40
Q

What part of the rib articulates with the vertebrae?

A

The head.

The 7th rib articulates with the transverse process of the head.

41
Q

How does the shape of the thoracic skeleton change during forced inspiration?

A

The ribs move upward and there is more room in the thoracic cavity.

42
Q

How does the shape of the thoracic skeleton change during forced exhalation?

A

The ribs depress and there is less room in the thoracic cavity.

43
Q

What can the movement of the ribs during inhalation/exhalation be compared to?

A

The movement of a bucket’s handle.

44
Q

What can the movement of the sternum during inspiration/exhalation be compared to?

A

Moving a water spout

45
Q

The muscles of respiration are covered by what other muscles?

A

Muscles that move the upper limb.

46
Q

Where are the muscles of respiration found?

A

On the anterior and posterior surfaces of the thoarx.

47
Q

There is a caval opening in the diaphragm. What vessel travels through this opening?

A

Superior vena cava

48
Q

What are two major sources of blood supply to the lungs?

A

Left bronchial arteries (from aorta)

Right bronchial arteries (from intercostal arteries, aorta, or left bronchial arteries)

49
Q

What are the two major drainage vessels of the lungs?

A

Bronchial veins

Pulmonary veins

50
Q

What vein system to bronchial veins drain into?

A

The azygos system

51
Q

The right bronchial vein drains into what vein?

A

Azygos vein

52
Q

The left bronchial vein drains into what vein?

A

Accessory hemiazygos vein or intercostal vein

53
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the lungs?

A

Vagus nerve

54
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the lungs?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic pathway via the right and left pulmonary veins.

55
Q

Where is the cardiac plexus found?

A

Between the right and left pulmonary plexuses.

56
Q

How is the right lung different from the left lung?

A

The right lung is larger and heavier than the left, but is shorter and wider because the right dome of the diaphragm is higher. The heart and pericardium also bulge more to the left.

A. White- Human Anatomy (23 decks)

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